COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Experimental study on the bending performance of assembled joints for composite circular tubes

YUAN Shuai, ZHANG Dongdong, DUAN Jinhui, GAO Yifeng, ZHANG Yunqiang, MO Changjin

2025, 0(3): 1-6. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20250328.001

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To enable the rapid on-site assembly and construction of lightweight fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) emergency footbridge, an assembled composite tubular joint that incorporates pre-tightened toothed connection (PTTC) and metal tube threads was proposed. Four-point bending tests were conducted on two types of specimens with different local structures to compare and analyze their mechanical behaviors, such as failure modes and ultimate load-bearing capacities. The results indicate that the proposed assembled composite tubular joint not only facilitates rapid assembly but also exhibits high flexural behavior, making it suitable for composite tubular beam configuration in emergency footbridges. When the assembled joint was subjected to bending loads, the absence of a chamfer on the metal sleeve of the PTTC led to localized transverse shear failure and initial damage to the composite tube. Thereafter, compression and tension stresses were induced on the upper and lower side of the composite tube, respectively, resulting in premature longitudinal fiber failure. Adjacent composite tubes experienced typical bending-induced delamination. However, when a chamfer was introduced, there was no obvious local transverse shear failure of the composite tube at the corresponding junction of the dissimilar materials, which shows typical bending failure characteristics. Unlike with axial loading, when the joints are subjected to bending loads, optimizing the chamfer design at the metal sleeve's end is crucial. This optimization not only improves the failure mode of the assembled composite tubular joint but also enhances its bearing capacity by approximately 15%.

Flatwise compression property of topology optimized body centered cubic structures

SUN Siyuan, SHENG Yapeng, DUAN Yuechen, QI Jiaqi

2025, 0(3): 7-14. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20250328.002

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To enhance the flatwise compression property of BCC structures, an optimization design is performed using periodic boundary conditions coupled with the ESO method, and it is found that the equivalent compressive modulus of the topologically optimized BCC unit cells significantly surpasses that of traditional BCC cells. The flatwise compression simulation model of the 4×4 core structure composed of optimized unit cell is constructed in the ABAQUS software, followed by a comparative compressive experiment to demonstrate the feasibility of the simulation model. Comparison analysis between traditional structures and topologically optimized structures under compressive loads shows that the peak force in the optimized model is increased by 79.2%, and the effective energy absorption is enhanced by 48.5%. The specific energy absorption per unit volume and per unit mass is augmented by 47.8%. The optimization based on the BCC cell, not only significantly increases the equivalent compressive modulus of the BCC cells but also results in better energy absorption property under compressive loads.

Trajectory planning and buckling characteristics of periodic variable stiffness laminated plates

DING Xiaoxiao, CAO Zhongliang

2025, 0(3): 15-21. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20250328.003

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In order to improve the load-bearing capacity of composite laminated structures, the compression buckling properties of the laminates were studied. First, in order to improve the designability of linear function trajectories, this paper proposes a new periodic linear fiber trajectory function mathematical model based on the characteristics of trigonometric function curves; secondly, Python/ABAQUS is used to conduct secondary development modeling of composite laminates; finally, the classic comparative buckling analysis of constant stiffness and new variable stiffness laminates revealed the response mechanism of the buckling performance of variable stiffness laminates to the curve trajectory starting and ending angles and period parameters. The results show that when the T₀ and T₁ values of the variable angle trajectory are in the range of [30°,60°], the first-order buckling load is significantly higher than the classic constant-stiffness laminate, and is 21.41% higher than the optimal constant-stiffness laminate buckling load. And by controlling the value of period n, the first-order buckling load of the laminate can be further increased, thereby improving stability.

Experimental research on dynamic mechanical properties of concrete confined by carbon fiber sheet under high temperature

ZHANG Jingli, KANG Yunjian

2025, 0(3): 22-29. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20250328.004

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In order to explore the effect of high temperature and strain rate on mechanical properties of CFRP confined concrete, the static and dynamic uniaxial compression tests were carried out on three kinds of CFRP confined concrete (plain concrete, high temperature CFRP confined concrete and fiber cloth confined high temperature concrete) at different temperatures (25 ℃, 200 ℃, 400 ℃, 600 ℃) by Muffle furnace, servo press and Hopkinson press (SHPB). The effects of high temperature, strain rate and confinement mode on peak stress, dynamic reinforcement factor (DIF), toughness and energy dissipation density of specimens were analyzed. The results show that: the peak stress decreases 7.25%, 19.05% and 34.20% at 200 ℃, 400 ℃ and 600 ℃ under static load, the peak stress decreases 5.57%, 14.66% and 29.05% at 200 ℃, 400 ℃ and 600 ℃ under 0.5 MPa impact pressure. The peak stress of three kinds of concrete specimens decreases with the increase of temperature, and the peak stress of CFRP high temperature concrete is higher than that of plain concrete. The strain rate growth factor of the high temperature concrete specimens confined by plain concrete and carbon fiber cloth is always higher than the temperature growth factor, and the strain rate has a higher effect on the compressive strength of the specimens than the temperature. The temperature growth factor of CFRP specimens is always higher than that of strain rate, and the influence of high temperature on compressive strength is higher than that of strain rate. The increase of temperature reduces the toughness of the three kinds of concrete specimens. The toughness of CFRP high temperature concrete at 0.3 MPa impact pressure and 25 ℃ is 1.02 and 2.62 times that of CFRP and plain concrete, and 1.17 and 3.00 times at 600 ℃. The toughness of carbon fiber sheet high temperature concrete>high temperature carbon fiber sheet concrete>plain concrete. The restraint effect of carbon fiber sheet greatly enhances the toughness of the specimen. As the temperature increases, the energy dissipation density of the three kinds of concrete specimens decreases continuously. The restraint effect of carbon fiber cloth can greatly enhance the energy dissipation effect of concrete materials, and the energy absorption effect of using carbon fiber cloth for maintenance and reinforcement of concrete materials increases more after high temperature action.

Study on compression-compression fatigue behavior of honeycomb sandwich structure after low-velocity impact

CHEN Weidong, YAO Kaifei, WANG Xuan, SHI Qiangbin

2025, 0(3): 30-38. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20250328.005

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The glass fiber plain woven panel honeycomb sandwich structure was subjected to low-velocity impact by punches with diameters of 25.4 mm, 38.1 mm and 50.8 mm at a notch 1 mm depth. The static compression and compression-compression fatigue tests after the impact under the punch of three diameters were carried out to study the residual strength, conditional fatigue limit, stiffness degradation, cyclic creep and failure mode of the specimens, revealing the compression-compression fatigue behavior of the honeycomb sandwich structure after low-velocity impact. The results show that the static residual strength decreases with the increase of punch diameter. When the punch diameter is 25.4 mm, the conditional fatigue limit is the maximum reaching 68.1% of the static failure load, while the counterparts in the cases of 38.1 mm and 50.8 mm are about 60% of the static failure load. Cyclic stiffness and cyclic creep both show a “three-stage” evolution feature during the whole fatigue life. In the first 10% of the fatigue life, the stiffness increases in high cycle fatigue, while in low cycle fatigue the stiffness decreases, and the cyclic creep occurs. Before 90% of the fatigue life, the stiffness remains stable, and the cyclic creep phenomenon is not significant. After 10% of the fatigue life, the stiffness decreases, and the cyclic creep phenomenon can be observed again. Compared with the static residual strength of the specimen, the dispersion of its fatigue residual strength is obviously larger. The failure mode of the specimen under fatigue load is similar to that under static load.

Study on interface bonding properties of CFRP-steel bonding at different temperatures

LIU Wei, YANG Ji, YUAN Chunhui, XIA Xu, ZHANG Jinguang

2025, 0(3): 39-45. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20250328.006

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In this paper, the mechanical properties of steel and carbon fiber composite bonded by RN136N/HN136N two-component adhesive at 10~90 ℃ were studied. Firstly, the mechanical behavior of the interface was simulated based on the cohesive force model. Secondly, the tensile shear test of carbon fiber composite and steel single bond sample was carried out at different temperatures. The failure mode and ultimate bearing capacity of the interface were studied. The results show that the failure mode of the sample has a great correlation with the temperature. The ultimate bearing capacity of the sample is the highest at 30 ℃, and the ultimate bearing capacity and interface bond stiffness increase first and then decrease with the increase of temperature. The simulated ultimate bearing capacity is in good agreement with the experimental results. It is also found that the overall stress distribution of the joint is more uniform under low stress conditions. At higher stress levels, the middle of the joint will bear larger tensile stress and the two sides will bear larger shear stress.

Experimental study on the forming limit of unidirectional glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites

QI Chang, WU Pengcheng, YING Liang, YANG Shu

2025, 0(3): 46-53. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20250328.007

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In this study, the forming limits of unidirectional glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites were discussed, aiming to provide a reference for the forming process design and failure behavior prediction. Firstly, the GFRP laminate with a thickness of 1.80 mm was prepared by hot molding with a continuous unidirectional glass fiber reinforced polyamide 6 belt at a ply angle of [0/90]₄. Secondly, the failure modes of the bell specimens and the modified notched specimens were compared based on the Nakajima forming limit test. Finally, the specimen suitable for the study of the forming limit of the GFRP laminate was determined, and the forming performance was characterized by constructing the forming limit curve. The test results show that with the increase of the width of the specimens, the stress state and deformation mode change from uniaxial tensile to biaxial tensile mode. The specimens exhibit three typical failure modes, including fiber tensile fracture, fiber pull-out fracture, and bending-shear coupling fracture modes. The specimens showed the characteristics of brittle fracture, and there was no necking phenomenon before fracture, so the forming limit curve shall be constructed through scatter distribution. Compared with the traditional bell specimens, the notched specimens are more suitable for the experimental study of the forming limit of fiber reinforced composites.

Parameters calibration and validation of carbon fiber reinforced composite based on *MAT_58 model

QIU Xinghan, SONG Tong, ZHANG Sai, WANG Fusheng, MENG Xianming, CHEN Yajun

2025, 0(3): 54-62. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20250328.008

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It is of vital importance to predict the failure behavior of fiber reinforced composite laminates in engineering applications. In this paper, the parameters of material model *MAT_58 in LS-DYNA of a type of carbon fiber reinforced composite laminate were calibrated and validated, by using a universal electronic test machine and a drop-weight impact test machine. The results show that: the physical meaning of *MAT_58 parameters are specified by single element test; the effective failure strain is equals to 0.56 for 2 mm rectangular element by the double edge notched tension experiments combined with the Bazant crack band model; the peak force of the drop-weight impact experiment is highly sensitive to ERODS, the force-displacement curve of the experimental and simulation curves is in good agreement, with a minimum peak force error of 5.22%, which proves the effectiveness of ERODS; the fiber direction strength has the strongest effect on the mechanical response behavior during drop-weight impact, followed by in-plane shear strength and the matrix direction strength.

Numerical simulation study on the pultrusion curing process of carbon fiber/epoxy resin composite materials

FENG Jing, ZHANG Pengxiang, JIANG Yue, ZHU Liping, LI Shuang, XI Jianfei

2025, 0(3): 63-70. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20250328.009

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In the pultrusion process of composite materials, the internal temperature and the curing rate of the resin show a set of strong coupling relationships. According to the theory of unsteady heat conduction and curing dynamics during the curing process of composite materials, a two-dimensional model was established, and systematically carried out different working condition of pultrusion research on the influence of the curing process. The numerical simulation results showed that under the same conditions, increasing the volume fraction of resin, increasing the wall temperature and increasing the pultrusion speed can promote the curing process. Compared with the benchmark case, when the volume fraction of resin increases to 0.5, wall temperature to 220 ℃, pultrusion speed up to 0.9 m/min, the curing time was reduced by about 25%, 67% and 47% respectively. The effective thermal conductivity and curing reaction kinetic parameters of the composite have great influence on the temperature field and curing degree field, which dominate the pultrusion curing process of the composite. The research results in this paper provide a theoretical basis for optimizing pultrusion process and determining reasonable process parameters.

Process simulation and optimization of H-section annular support structure made of carbon fibre composites

LIU Jiaxin, LIN Zaiwen, ZOU Zhiwei, CHENG Xianhe, CAO Yanjun, TIAN Ya

2025, 0(3): 71-78. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20250328.010

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To solve the breakage of carbon fibre H-section annular support structure (H-section structure) during demoulding, a method of process simulation for composite has been proposed in the article. The method constructed each process division finite element model independently according to the actual process of composite structure, and connected each process division model by adhesive condition. To verify the accuracy and effectiveness of the process simulation method, the study analyzed the damage status of H-section structure during original demoulding scheme, and results corresponded exactly to the actual state. Proceed to the next step, the study optimized the demoulding scheme based on the process simulation method, the subsequent new H-section structure applying the optimized demoulding scheme all kept intact during demoulding, and the product quality fulfilled the standard of GJB 2895-B, which once again validates the effectiveness of the process simulation method.

Cooling model and deformation study of 3D printing continuous carbon fiber composites

DONG Chuanhe, SUN Xiaoyu, LI Wangxin, JIA Ruihao, ZHAO Xin

2025, 0(3): 79-86. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20250328.011

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To investigate the dynamic cooling behavior and warping deformation behavior of 3D printed continuous carbon fiber reinforced plastic (C-CFRP). Firstly, a cooling model considering material properties and printing parameters for 3D printed C-CFRP composite wires was established in this paper. And thermocouples and thermal imagers were used to monitor the temperature changes of composite wires over time under different process parameters. The results were verified with the calculated values of the cooling model, with a minimum error of 11%. Then, the influence of different printed parameters and dimensions on warping were explored for 3D printed C-CFRP thin pieces, and the dynamic temperature changes and warping degree during the forming process were tested using thermocouples and coordinate measuring instruments. The results shown that the time when the extruded wire exceeds the glass transition temperature was positively correlated with the printing temperature and layer thickness, and negatively correlated with the printing speed; the warpage of C-CFRP thin films was positively correlated with layer thickness and length, but negatively correlated with printing temperature and printing speed. A reference for the development of 3D printed high-precision C-CFRP technology was provided in this article.

Research on axial compression of concrete reinforced with carbon fibre triaxial fabric composites with different pore sizes

SUN Tingting, ZHANG Honghua, Muhammad Usman Ghani, LI Wei

2025, 0(3): 87-95. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20250328.012

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Three sizes of T300 carbon fibres were selected for the preparation of triaxial woven fabric(TWF)resin-based composites with different pore sizes for concrete reinforcement. The three-dimensional displacement and strain fields were obtained using 3D-DIC technology, which visually reflected the evolution of the fabric expansion and shedding on the surface of the specimen and the strain extension of different yarns. The results show that the smaller the pore size of the triaxial fabric, the more significant the restraining effect of the carbon fibre triaxial fabric composite in compression. Compared with unconfined concrete, the peak load of TWF-24K was enhanced by 38.7%, TWF-12K by 41.2% and TWF-6K by 49.9%. At a certain porosity, the small pore size TWF enhances the compressive strength and ductility of concrete to a greater extent; the strain-time curves of TWF-6K specimens have more consistent trends and the stress distribution inside the specimens is more uniform. Combined with the 3D-DIC technique to obtain the displacement and strain field evolution laws for the whole time series from loading to damage, it shows that TWF-6K provides the best restraining effect compared to both TWF-12K and TWF-24K warp and weft yarns by evenly sharing the axial compression and radial tensile forces.

Research on the mechanical performance of GFRP-Y type tension components in sandwich insulation composite walls

GUO Mengpan, CHEN Guoxin, ZHANG Yichen, LIU Jian

2025, 0(3): 96-105. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20250328.013

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To research the bearing capacity and deflection of GFRP shear connectors in sandwich insulation composite wall panels, with the thickness of insulation layer as the experimental variable, six sets of single GFRP-Y-shaped shear connectors were subjected to shear tests and numerical simulations. The failure modes and load-displacement curve characteristics of the shear connectors were analyzed. Based on a simply supported over-determinate beam model, a simplified calculation formula for deflection considering the insulation board was proposed for a single shear connector. The results showed that the failure mode of the sandwich insulation composite wall panels under vertical load was shear connector fracture. The ultimate shear capacity of the specimen with an insulation layer thickness of 90 mm decreased by 23.5% compared to the specimen with a thickness of 70 mm, while the relative displacement between the inner and outer face sheets increased by 12.0%. As the insulation layer thickness increased from 60 mm to 100 mm, the ultimate shear capacity of the shear connector decreased by 39.1%, and the deflection increased by 44.1%. The research results can provide theoretical basis for calculating the displacement of the outer face sheet in sandwich insulation composite wall panels.

Study on the mechanical behavior and failure analysis of the sandwich shell in FRP wind turbine blade during lifting process

LU Xiaofeng, LIU Yuxuan, ZHAI Jiaqi, ZHANG Dongpo, MENG Xinmiao, FENG Peng

2025, 0(3): 106-114. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20250328.014

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In order to understand the mechanical response of the sandwich shell of wind turbine blade in lifting process using slings and to prevent damage to the sandwich shell caused by stress concentration during lifting, a full-scale wind turbine blade single-point flexible lifting test was conducted. The study investigated changes in displacement and the distribution of strains during lifting to determine the lifting failure mode. Based on the test results, the accuracy of two finite element models, namely node-restrained loading and flexible sling loading, was comparatively analyzed. Additionally, parameter analysis was performed to examine key factors influencing flexible lifting. The results indicate that the area of failure during single-point flexible lifting is near the lifting point, consistent with the failure mode under actual lifting conditions. Both node-restrained loading and flexible sling loading can predict overall displacement distribution quite accurately. However, the skin strain distribution during node-restrained loading differs from that at the lifting point, with significant experimental variations. The results from flexible sling loading are more precise. Parameter analysis revealed that contact stress significantly decreases with increased contact area. Expanding sling width, enhancing the elastic modulus and interface roughness effectively reduce stress concentration at the contact interface. Conversely, the height of sling point has no significant effect on the strain distribution and contact stress.

Optimization design of parabolic reflector mold based on curing deformation analysis

WANG Fuqiang, NIU Xuejuan

2025, 0(3): 115-120. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20250328.015

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To address the curing deformation caused by the mismatch between the mould and the CTE of the structural member in the curing moulding, the vacuum infusion process is used to prepare the carbon fibre fabric reinforced composite mould, and the sequential thermal coupling analysis method is used to analyse the influence of the moulds made of various materials on the accuracy of the curing moulding of the member. In view of the deformation of the composite mould, the rib support structure of the mould was designed with the help of HyperMesh software, and the location and thickness of the rib plate were optimized. The results show that when the mould is made of composite, the difference in thermal conductivity of the mould components is not obvious, and the temperature distribution of the components is more uniform. Compared with steel metal mould, when the mould material is composite, the displacement and deformation of the member is reduced by 30%, and the Z-displacement is reduced by 46%. Compared with the composite mould without ribbed plate support, the displacement deformation of the rotating paraboloid was reduced by 13%, and the Z-direction displacement remained almost the same.

Simulation of heat transfer and curing of pultruded H-shaped insulator core rod process

LU Zhenhua, ZHOU Songsong, ZHOU Jun, DU Yijun, LI Peng

2025, 0(3): 121-129. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20250328.016

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Finite element simulation of the pultrusion process of composite insulator cores is carried out by COMSOL software, and this study aims to adjust and optimize the process parameters and provide reference for actual production. The curing exotherm of matrix resin is equated as an internal heat source, and the temperature field and curability field in the composite pultrusion process are coupled to simulate the temperature and curability changes at different locations of the core cross-section. By simulating and analyzing the difference between circular and H-shaped cross-section cores under the same process parameters, the effects of parameters were highlighted. The results show that the H-shaped core exhibits a smaller temperature gradient, faster cure rate, and superior curability compared to the circular cross-section. The finite element simulation provides theoretical reference for the pultrusion process parameters of the H-shaped core. After applying the optimal process parameters obtained from the simulation to the actual production, a dense and uniform epoxy matrix composite core was successfully obtained, and the actual production results were consistent with the simulation conclusions.

Study on the effect of SiC/SiO₂ complex coating on the antioxidant performance of carbon fiber and its composite materials

YAN Haibo, TAO Jiadong, ZHOU Zihan, HUANG Zhixiong, SHI Minxian, DING Jie

2025, 0(3): 130-138. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20250328.017

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A SiC/SiO₂ complex coating is prepared on the surface of carbon fiber by sol-gel method and precursor infiltration pyrolysis method, and carbon fiber reinforced phenolic resin matrix composites are prepared by using autoclave process, the flexural strength of the composites is tested after oxidation at 600 ℃, 800 ℃ and 1 000 ℃, studied the effect of coating on the oxidation resistance of carbon fiber and its composite materials. The results show that the flexural strength of complex coating carbon fiber/phenolic resin composites after oxidation at 1 000 ℃ in air is 60 MPa, which is 3.3 times of the flexural strength of original carbon fiber/phenolic resin composites under the same conditions, and the good antioxidant effect of SiC/SiO₂ coating on carbon fibers gives composite materials a certain flexural strength. And under the synergistic protection of SiC/SiO₂ coating, the complex coating carbon fiber/phenolic resin composite material exhibits better ablation resistance under oxygen acetylene flame.

Development and application of high polymer grouting lifting material for ballastless track of high speed railway in operation

NI Guozhang

2025, 0(3): 139-146. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20250328.018

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After the operation of the high speed railway, due to the long-term dynamic load of train and the harsh service environment, some sections have experienced varying degrees of uneven settlement, which seriously affects the smoothness of the line and the safe operation of train. In view of the characteristics of “uninterrupted operating” and “skylight point” short-term operation in the high speed railway projects, the performance indexes of “millimeter level” high-precision grouting lifting repair material for ballastless track was proposed, and appropriate synthetic raw materials of grouting lifting material were selected. By studying the effects of polyether polyols, isocyanates, foaming agents, catalysts, foam stabilizers, and slurry temperature on material properties, the polyurethane high polymer grouting lifting material and its proportion suitable for the grouting repair of high speed railway ballastless track have been developed. The applicability of grouting lifting material was verified by pilot test and simulated test, and it has been successfully applied to the renovation project of an intercity railway ballastless track. The results show that the ratio of H3006, ZS3035, deionized water, A33, DBTDL, AK-8805 is 30∶70∶0.6∶1.2∶1.6∶3.0 is the optimum ratio of A component slurry, and the B component slurry is equal quality PAPI. The performance indexes of grouting lifting material detected in the pilot test all reached the target value, and the grouting lifting control accuracy of the simulation test is within 1 mm, which met the grouting lifting construction requirements of ballastless track. After grouting repair, the alignment of the line is smooth, and restoring normal speed has been running normally for many years, the practice has proved that the high polymer grouting lifting material developed can be used for the grouting repair of uneven settlement of high speed railway ballastless track.

Current status and prospects of additive manufacturing in biomimetic energy absorbing structures

LOU Hangfei, CHEN Wengang, ZHANG Wei, CAI Xinyuan, GONG Jinding

2025, 0(3): 147-156. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20250328.019

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The wide application of energy absorption structure in human life has caused a large number of scientific research and frontier technological development on energy absorption characteristics. Through the choice of nature for a long time, some special structures of various animals and plants give the designers inspiration, and the bionic energy absorption structure has been studied extensively. In this process, the additive manufacturing technology is flexible, capable to manufacture complex structures, and use additive materials, so it becomes an ideal choice to solve the needs of lightweight and complex structures. However, at the present stage, the review research on the field of bionic energy absorption structure is limited, and the systematic summary is relatively lacking, which leads to the insufficient understanding of the development status and problems of the whole technology. This paper mainly on bionic thin wall structure, bionic plate structure, bionic cell structure and bionic building structure corresponding to the structure and performance of animals and plants, this paper is based on the additive manufacturing technology in the field of bionic energy absorption structure research status, in order to future the development of bionic energy absorption structure to provide certain reference.

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