COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON ACOUSTIC EMISSION SOURCE LOCALIZATION FOR CARBON FIBER COMPOSITE

QI Tian-tian, CHEN Yao, HE Cai-hou, LI Qiu-feng

2020, 0(6): 5-9.

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Acoustic Emission (AE) testing technology can realize the dynamic monitoring of materials, and it also has certain limitations. Because the AE signal is more complicated in the anisotropic carbon fiber composite material, the AE source damage location has a large deviation. A time reversal focusing and enhancing algorithm is used for the AE positioning requirements of carbon fiber composite plate. Firstly, according to the basic theory of time reversal, the signal enhancement processing equation is derived, and the focus time of the AE source can be calculated, furthermore enhancing the focus amplitude of the AE source signal field and the signal to noise ratio (SNR) is improved. Then the wave image is reconstructed in the detection area, and the AE source is accurately positioned by the focus signal. Finally, the method has been verified through experiment, and the results show that the localization algorithm can locate the AE source of complex anisotropic materials, and the positioning accuracy is greatly improved compared with the conventional instrument positioning method.

SIMPLIFIED CALCULATION METHOD FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE FLEXURAL BEARING CAPACITY OF RC BEAMS STRENGTHENED WITH CFRP UNDER FIRE

HAO Jian-wen, DONG Kun, JIANG Ji-tong, HU Ke-xu

2020, 0(6): 10-17.

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The calculation of bearing capacity of CFRP reinforced members under fire condition is the key to the fire resistance design. The temperature field of one-surface and three-surface exposed to fire of insulated CFRP reinforced RC beams under standard fire was analyzed by the finite element numerical simulation. Considering the influence of main factors (thickness and thermal conductivity of fireproof coating), a simplified formula for calculating the surface and internal temperatures of strengthened members is proposed. The accuracy of the simplified formula was well verified by comparing with the experimental data. By combining the analysis method of ultimate state of concrete beams section and the high temperature degradation model of material and interface properties, a simplified calculation method was established to calculate the high temperature bearing capacity of CFRP reinforced RC beams at different times under ISO 834 standard fire conditions. Compared the load capacity with the load effect, the reasonable thickness of fire protection materials could be determined. The research results can be helpful to establish the fire protection design method of CFRP reinforced RC beams, or to judge whether the existing CFRP reinforced beams can meet the requirement of fire resistance. The theoretical means and methods for fire resistance design and safety appraisal of CFRP reinforced structures were proposed.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF CARBON FIBER LAMINATES IMPACTED BY SPHERICAL PROJECTILE

PENG jie, ZHANG Wei-qi, TIAN Rui, DENG Yun-fei

2020, 0(6): 18-24.

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In order to study the impact resistance of carbon fiber composite laminates to spherical projectiles, the high-speed impact experimental tests of the laminates to projectile were carried out by using the one stage gas gun, and the impact process of the projectile target was recorded by high-speed camera. The damage area of laminated plates was detected by C-scan imaging and microscopy, and also the energy absorption rate, damage mode and energy absorption mechanism of the laminated plates were analyzed under different impact velocities. The results show that the residual velocity decreases firstly and then increases with the increase of the initial velocity of projectile, while the change rate of the residual velocity increases firstly and then decreases. When the initial velocity of the projectile is relatively low, the laminated plate mainly absorbs the kinetic energy of the projectile through its stratification. With the increase of the initial velocity of the projectile, the impact response time and delamination area of the laminate decrease. Fiber fracture becomes the main mode of energy absorption, and the energy absorption of the laminate decreases rapidly.

STRUCTURAL DESIGN OPTIMIZATION AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF GLASS-CARBON HYBRID LOW WIND SPEED WIND TURBINE BLADES

GUO Xiao-feng, QI Jian-feng, HUANG Xin-xiang

2020, 0(6): 25-29.

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In order to further reduce the weight and load of low wind speed wind turbine blades, a design model of glassy carbon hybrid blade lamination structure was established based on a 2 MW wind turbine blade with a length of 54 meters. Based on the parametric modeling and analysis methods of MATLAB and ANSYS, the strength and load of the optimized glassy carbon hybrid laminated blade were carried out, as well as the characteristic, mass and maximum deformation analysis. The results show that the optimized blade mass decreases by 5.34%, and its dynamic load and tip deformation decrease significantly. On the promise of ensuring the same stiffness before and after optimization, the maximum tensile stress of the optimized blade decreases by 28.66%. This study provides important reference for lightweight design of low wind speed wind turbine blades, which is helpful to reduce the cost of wind turbine blades.

RESEARCH ON 90-DEGREE FIBER TRAJECTORY PLANNING ALGORITHM BASED ON COMPLEX ROTARY SURFACE

MA Rui, WANG Dong-li, NIE Hai-ping, WANG Xian-feng

2020, 0(6): 30-34.

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The design of the automated fiber placement trajectory is the key to control the quality of the trajectory laying process. In order to further improve the laying quality of complex rotary surface,a multi-objective trajectory planning algorithm, which takes the centroid curve of the similar rotating component as the reference line and considers the laying angle, trajectory spacing and trajectory curvature comprehensively, was proposed. The reference trajectory, which meets the process requirements such as the width and the number of the tows, is designed. The other trajectories are designed by locally adjusting the offset trajectory and globally optimizing. Finally, the CATIA secondary development technology is used to realize the software of trajectory planning for complex rotary surface on Visual Studio 2010 platform. It is verified on the complex rotary surface and proves the effectiveness of the algorithm.

PERFORMANCE COMPARISON AND STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION OF LEAF SPRINGS OF DIFFERENT COMPOSITES

CHEN Guang-hao, LIANG Zhi-hong, ZHANG Zhi-fang

2020, 0(6): 35-45.

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With the increasing competition in the automotive industry and the growing demands of environmental protection, it is necessary to optimize and reduce the weight of vehicle components design. In this paper, the geometry model of the leaf spring of a typical vehicle was established using CATIA 3D. Then it was imported into ANSYS 15.0 for construction of the finite element model (FEM). Five different material properties were defined in the FE model including steel and four types of fiber reinforced composites (E-glass/epoxy, S-glass/epoxy, Carbon/epoxy and Kevlar/epoxy). The stress, deformation, stiffness and weight of the leaf spring were obtained from FEM and then were compared to each other for the double-leaf steel spring, double-leaf composite springs (of four composite properties) and mono-leaf composite spring (of four composite properties). The results show that the mono E-glass/epoxy composite leaf spring has the best performance price ratio, and the weight is reduced by 80% compared to the traditional steel leaf spring. In regard to the fact that there is section in leaf spring with very low stress under vehicle loading, the structural optimization was conducted to develop a mono E-glass/epoxy composite leaf spring with varied section width. The component weight, the safety factor, natural frequency and strain energy of the mono E-glass/epoxy composite leaf spring before and after the optimization were compared, and the results show that the mono E-glass/epoxy composite leaf spring with variable width after the optimization has satisfactory performance, with low cost and further 5% weight reduction.

MANUFACTURE PROCESS AND PROPERTIES OF THE EMBEDDED CO-CURED PERFORATED DAMPING COMPOSITE

YAN Yun-peng, LIANG Sen, GU Heng, ZHENG Chang-sheng

2020, 0(6): 46-50.

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In order to improve the damping performance of composite materials and promote the development of damping composites, this paper explored a new embedded co-cured perforated damping composite. The damping mucilage was brushed on T300 carbon fiber cloth, and the small holes with regular distribution were perforated after the damping mucilage was dried. The preform was prepared by vacuum induction moulding process and solidified the preform in the temperature test chamber to obtain an embedded co-cured perforated damping composite, and cut the composite into pieces according to its size. The modal test, the free decay test and the interlaminar shear test were carried out on the specimens. The first-order modal damping of the plate specimen is 3.65%, the natural frequency is 12.88 Hz. And the first-order modal damping of the beam specimen is 2.02%, the natural frequency is 34.25 Hz. The maximum interlaminar shear force of the beam specimen is 6488.452 N, the shear strength is 10.38 MPa. It was shown that the composite has good damping performance and interlayer mechanical properties.

STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF REINFORCEMENT ARRANGEMENT ON THE FLEXURAL PERFORMANCE OF GFRP-CONCRETE COMPOSITE DECKS

TONG Zhao-jie, CHEN Yi-yan, HUANG Qiao, XU Xiang

2020, 0(6): 51-56.

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The steel bars could increase the flexural stiffness of GFRP-concrete composite bridge decks, improve its ductility and reduce the cost. Moreover, the durability of composite decks with steel bars was better than that of reinforced concrete decks. The flexural performance of composite decks was investigated based on the sectional analysis method. Firstly, the analysis model of composite decks with steel bars was established based on the plane section assumption, and verified through experimental tests of two test decks. Then, the relationship between flexural stiffness, ductility and reinforcement arrangement was studied using the sectional analysis method. The analysis indicates that the area of steel bars and the thickness of GFRP bottom plates could increase the flexural stiffness of composite decks. A larger area of steel bars results in a lower ductility, and a thicker GFRP bottom plate result in a lower ductility. The method of increasing reinforcement area and reducing GFRP bottom plate thickness could improve the flexural stiffness and the ductility. When the size of GFRP plate and the reinforcement area are constant, the steel bar could be placed as close as possible to the bottom surface of bridge decks to obtain better flexural stiffness and ductility.

EFFECT OF AUTO-FRETTAGE PRESSURE ON FATIGUE PERFORMANCE OF FULLY-WRAPPED COMPOSITE CYLINDER

QIN Xiao-qiang, DENG Gui-de, LIANG Hai-feng

2020, 0(6): 57-61.

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As key components of natural gas vehicles, high-pressure gas cylinders are widely used. In order to improve the mileage of the natural gas vehicles, the storage pressure of natural gas should be increased to improve the energy density. Therefore, a 30 MPa fully-wrapped compressed natural gas cylinder for vehicles has been designed and developed to improve the market competitiveness of the natural gas vehicles. The fully-wrapped composite cylinder adopts mixed fiber winding mode: low-angle helical winding, high-angle helical winding and hoop winding. Effects of different auto-frettage pressures on the fatigue properties of the fully-wrapped cylinders were investigated based on the ANSYS composite PrepPost component under ANSYS Workbench platform. The alternating stress amplitude was modified using the SWT mean stress equation. The results show that the auto-frettage treatment of the cylinder does not change the alternating stress amplitude of the liner, but it can reduce the mean stress, and the optimum auto-frettage pressure of the cylinder is 52 MPa under the premise of satisfying the fiber stress ratio, and the number of fatigue cycles is about 15000 times.

PREPARATION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES ANALYSIS OF CARBON FIBER SKELETON REINFORCED HYBRID COMPOSITE

XU Xiang-xin

2020, 0(6): 62-67.

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A kind of carbon fiber reinforced foam without panels for the hybrid octet lattice was designed and the fabrication technology of the hybrid octet lattice was introduced. The compressive strength and compressive modulus of carbon fiber skeleton reinforced hybrid composite were obtained from experimental test and theoretical analysis. The results show that the compressive strength and modulus of carbon fiber skeleton reinforced hybrid composite decrease significantly by boundary effect. The measured compressive strength is between the theoretical maximum and minimum, and the compressive modulus is even lower than the minimum. Compared with other types of carbon fiber-foam composite structures, carbon fiber skeleton reinforced hybrid composite have certain advantages in compressive strength and compressive modulus. Carbon fiber skeleton reinforced hybrid composite has the following advantages including nearly isotropic mechanical properties, and lower density than water and corrosion resistance. It has wide application prospects in the field of navigation.

ULTRASONIC CHARACTERIZATION AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS FOR DELAMINATION IN RTM COMPOSITES

SHI Jun-wei, LIU Song-ping, LIU Fei-fei, YANG Yu-shen

2020, 0(6): 68-73.

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Regarding ZT7H/QY8911 carbon fiber reinforced resin matrix composites as research object, this paper prepared specimens using resin transfer molding processes (RTM) with simulated delamination by imbedding polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film with different diameters (=3 mm, 6 mm, 10 mm) and different depth (near-upper-surface, mid-depth and near-lower-surface). Delamination was visually detected and quantitatively analyzed by ultrasonic A-Scan, B-Scan and C-Scan based on water-immersed ultrasonic pulse-echo reflection method. The result shows that the ultrasonic pulse-echo reflection method possesses qualitative and quantitative testing capacity for detecting delamination in RTM composite. The amplitude, phase and transit time of ultrasonic A-Scan signal have correlations with the size, depth and property of delamination. Ultrasonic B-Scan can characterize the defect depth as images with depth detection resolution up to one-ply thickness, while ultrasonic C-Scan can characterize the defect size as images with size detection deviation ≤1.0 mm.

RESEARCH ON THE PROFILE MEASUREMENT METHOD OF WIND TURBINE BLADE MOULD

CHEN Wan-kang, CAO Zhong-yuan, ZHANG Chi, HUANG Sai

2020, 0(6): 74-78.

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The accuracy of the aerodynamic shape of the wind turbine blade directly affects the power generation effect of the wind turbine blade. It is directly related to the profile accuracy of the wind turbine blade mould. The more accurate the profile accuracy control of the wind turbine blade mould, the more accurate the aerodynamic shape of the wind turbine blade product. However, as the length of wind turbine blades continues to increase and the contours continue to be complicated, the profile accuracy of wind turbine blade mould is becoming more and more difficult to control. The accuracy of profile measurement of wind turbine blade mould is also more stringent during mould installation and commissioning. In order to improve the profile accuracy of wind turbine blade mould during installation and debugging, this paper analyzes the influencing factors of the profile measurement accuracy of the wind turbine blade mould, and focuses on the analysis of the measurement methods and data fitting methods, and summarizes the measurement methods and data fitting methods suitable for the profile measurement during the installation and debugging process of the wind turbine blade mould. At the same time, the two groups of measurement results of free state and leveling state of laser tracker are compared and analyzed, and the results show that the leveling operation of laser tracker has an intuitive effect on the measurement results. Different fitting methods are used to analyze the global measurement data, and the comparison results show that the judgment results of global measurement and relationship matching fitting data processing are the most ideal, and the data of profile control will be more accurate. The actual operation verification, through the standard measurement method and data processing method, achieves the purpose of improving the precision of the profile during the installation and debugging of the wind turbine blade mold.

APPLICATION OF FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM IN FRP COMPOSITE MATERIAL BONDING QUALITY INSPECTION

ZHENG Jin-hua, FENG Jun-wei, SHENG Tao, QIAN Yun-xiang

2020, 0(6): 79-83.

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In this paper, through the Fourier transform and analysis of the ultrasonic signal of the bonding quality of steel/FRP, it is found that the ultrasonic resonance occurs in the steel. The resonance amplitude of FRP is obviously smaller than that of debonding ultrasonic signal because of the attenuation of ultrasonic signal when the bonding is good. By comparing the ultrasonic C-scan images under different characteristics, it is found that only the ultrasonic C-scan detection effect under the fundamental frequency amplitude is consistent with the conventional ultrasonic C-scan detection effect. Therefore, the ultrasonic amplitude frequency curve can be used to evaluate whether there is debonding at the bonding interface between steel/FRP.

MULTIDISCIPLINARY OPTIMIZATION DESIGN OF COMPOSITE AIRBORNE RADOME

CHENG Yang, DING Xiao-hong

2020, 0(6): 84-88.

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A multi-objective optimization strategy for composite airborne radome is proposed. In order to meet the requirements of the radome's transmission coefficient, based on the transmission line theory, the radome electrical performance is analyzed to find the layer thickness interval that meets the electrical performance, and the transmission coefficient constraint is converted to the design variable layer thickness. Under the condition of satisfying the electrical performance of the radome, an optimized mathematical model with the minimum mass as the target, the structural stiffness strength as the constraint and the different thickness of the cover wall as the design variables is established to realize the lightweight design of the radome. The optimization analysis is carried out with an A-sandwich airborne radome as an example. The results show that the optimized radome has significant lightweight effect and high transmission coefficient performance, which proves the feasibility of the method.

A CONNECTION METHOD OF CFRP PIPES FOR RIGID STRUCTURE OF A STRATOSPHERIC AIRSHIP

XIAO Chang, CHEN Yong-lin, LI Shuai, FU Gong-yi

2020, 0(6): 89-94.

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With excellent mechanical properties, Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) has been widely used in the field of aerostats. According to the engineering requirements of a stratospheric airship project, this paper conducts a preliminary research on the connection problem of CFRP pipes for rigid structure of an airship. In view of the existing problems about connection methods of CFRP pipes, three simple connection methods-flange joints, slotted joints and tenon-mortise joints, were tested and analyzed under axial tension. Based on the results, a new connection method with threaded casing joints was proposed. The advantages of this method were verified by experiment and finite element analysis. As the rigid structural members of a stratospheric airship, it can fulfill the requirements of the tensile properties and the structural requirements. Meanwhile, it has the advantages of easy installation and disassembly. As a result, it solves the engineering requirements of the stratospheric airship project.

STUDY ON TENSILE PROPERTIES OF CARBON FIBER COMPOSITE TUBE-ALUMINUM ALLOY ADHESIVE JOINT

WANG Hua, WANG Xi-jie, WANG Zeng-jia

2020, 0(6): 95-97.

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The influence of bonding length, adhesive layer thickness and external tightening firmware on the failure load for a carbon fiber composite tube-aluminum alloy joint connected by adhesive were investigated through tensile tests. The results show that the failure load increases with the bonding length first but decreases from a critical bonding length, while it decreases with the adhesive layer thickness monotonously. As the bonding length and adhesive layer thickness increase, the dominant mechanism for the rupture of the joint is shifted from the failure of the composite material and partial of the adhesive layer to the failure of tube-adhesive interfacial bonding and overall adhesive layer. By applying a tightening firmware on the adhesive surface, the stripping stress caused by some additional bending moments can be cancelled, thereby the joint gets strengthened. With a bonding length of 100 mm, an adhesive layer thickness of 0.01 mm~ 0.02 mm and three unevenly spaced fasteners, the adhesive joint can withstand a maximum load of up to 255 kN.

EFFECT OF CURING PROCESS PARAMETERS ON THE PROPERTIES OF HIGH TOUGHNESS COMPOSITES REINFORCED BY DOMESTIC T800 CARBON FIBER

LI Wei, ZHANG Chen-qian, YE Hong-jun, BAO Jian-wen

2020, 0(6): 98-104.

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The viscosity and flow characteristics of AC531/CCF800H high toughness composites under 0.2 MPa+vacuum (-0.07 MPa) conditions were analyzed by the rheological instrument method. During the curing process of AC531/CCF800H preform, the flow of AC531 resin between fibre layers can be described by Darcy's theorem. According to the Darcy theorem, the porosity in the AC531/CCF800H composite decreases with the increase of the curing pressure. The results of the impregnation experiment show that there is a linear relationship between the porosity and the porosity. The results of A scanning for fabric and unidirectional tape replacement showed that AC531/CCF800H composites were mainly in-plane flow during curing. According to the test results of the internal and mechanical properties of AC531/CCF800H composites under different curing pressure, it is found that the effective curing pressure is the key factor affecting the internal quality of AC531/CCF800H composites. The effective curing pressure should be at least 0.3 MPa, and the continuous increase of pressure has weak effect on the mechanical properties at normal temperature, but it can reduce the internal porosity and reduce the single layer compression thickness of the parts.

RESEARCH ON DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF COMPOSITE CONICAL STRUCTURE WINDING

ZOU Cai-yong, KONG Ling-guo, LI Zhang-zeng

2020, 0(6): 105-108.

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The composite tapered core mold is different from the symmetrical regular member, and its irregular winding method has high requirements on equipment control. In this paper, the principle of winding mandrel winding and the design of winding structure are described. The main winding unit and composite unwinding unit of conical winding machine are introduced in detail. The conical winding machine control system is divided into a tension control unit, a temperature control unit and a motion control unit, and the whole is based on a programmable controller. The test results show that the temperature control response is accurate, the steady-state error is less than 3%. The tension fluctuation is controlled within (100±5) N, which can better meet the requirements of use.

A REVIEW OF RESEARCH ON DETECTING THE WIND TURBINE BLADES

YANG Jia-huan, ZONG Zhe-ying, WANG Zhen, LIU Guo-qiang

2020, 0(6): 109-113.

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With the gradual depletion of global stone energy and the deterioration of the Earth's ecological environment, people have begun to pay attention to the use of wind energy. On the one hand, wind power generation, as the most important way to utilize wind energy, has increased its total installed capacity year by year, which has led to an increase in the number of wind turbine blades. On the other hand, in order to pursue greater power generation and higher energy conversion efficiency of wind turbines, it is achieved by manufacturing larger-sized blades. The number of blade operations and the increase of blade size bring a lot of inconvenience to the detection of the blade. As one of the core components of wind turbines, blades can convert wind energy into mechanical energy. In the process of energy conversion, the blade needs to face variable environmental factors and complex stress coupling, which is prone to failure and damage. In order to ensure the safe production and economic benefits of wind power generation and prevent the occurrence of catastrophic accidents, various methods have been developed to timely detect wind turbine blades.

RESEARCH ON ABLATIVE PROPERTIES AND MECHANISM OF PHENOLIC RESIN BASED COMPOSITE MODIFIED BY NANO INORGANIC FILLER: A REVIEW

LI Ran, GUO An-ru, WU Wen-jing, LI Jie

2020, 0(6): 114-120.

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Modification by blending nano inorganic fillers is an effective way to improve ablation performance of phenolic resin matrix composites. In this review, research on ablation properties of phenolic resin based ablative materials modified by inorganic fillers, especially nano-inorganic fillers were generalized, and the ablation mechanism of various nano-fillers modified composites were summarized. It is found that there are mainly three mechanisms of inorganic fillers to improve the ablative properties of composites, which are using inorganic filler melting to form a high melting point protective layer, improve the carbon residue rate of resin matrix byredox reaction, and improve compactness of carbon layer by increasing adhesive bonding. Due to its larger specific surface and intensive active groups, nano-fillers can effectively improve the compatibility between the molten glass micro particles and the carbonized layer, as well as the integrity and compactness of carbonized layer. And the uniform dispersion of nanometer filler at low addition amount is more beneficial to improve the ablation-resistant ability.

RESEARCH PROGRESS ON ADHESION SYSTEM OF RESIN-BASED COMPOSITES AND METAL MATERIALS

FU Wen-qiang, WANG Xiao-bing, WANG Bao-chun, XU Hong-min

2020, 0(6): 121-128.

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Resin-based composite materials have been receiving much attention due to their excellent mechanical properties and good designability, and they have also been widely used in aerospace and military fields. As composite materials are further deployed in various fields, defects in them begin to emerge. Unlike conventional metal materials, composite materials cannot be perforated to use bolted joints without compromising their overall performance. The manufacture of composite materials has great uncertainty, and the stability of their performance is difficult to control. Therefore, in practical applications, many parts still need to use traditional metal materials. This brings up a new problem, that is, the connection of composite materials to metal materials. As stated above, if the composite material is bolted, the perforating operation prior to joining will cut the reinforcing fibers resulting in a decrease in the overall performance of the composite. This operation will also cause stress concentration at the opening, further reducing its performance and long-term stability, and there is also the possibility of electrochemical corrosion between the composite material and the metal material. To this end, researchers around the world have begun to focus on the adhesion between the composite materials and the metal materials, using a variety of adhesives as an intermediate layer to join them together. This paper first introduces the development history of resin-based composite materials in practical applications. Then the related theories of designing adhesion systems of composite materials and metal materials are briefly described, from chemical bond connection theory, mechanical interlocking connection theory, surface wetting and adsorption theory, and electric double layer connection theory. Then several common surface pretreatment methods are introduced, including physical pretreatment methods such as sand blasting and abrasion, solvent cleaning, and chemical pretreatment methods such as chemical etching, anodizing, plasma treatment, silane coupling agent treatment, laser treatment. Finally, some ideas for the modification of adhesives are listed.

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