COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Numerical simulations on the dynamic response of bionic-turtle-shell hierarchical sandwichstructures

ZHANG Xiaogang, CUI Di, ZHANG Hao, SHA Yong

2026, 0(7): 1-11. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260728.001

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To improve the protective performance of sports helmets against low-velocity concentrated impact loads, abionic-turtle-shellhierarchical sandwichstructure (BHSS) was designed in this paper. Numerical simulations were adopted to explore the dynamic response law of BHSS under impact loads, and the effects of carbon fiber lay-up angles, rubber buffer layer thickness, TPMS cell configurations and wall thickness on the punch acceleration response and structural energy absorption characteristics were systematically analyzed. The results show that under the action of 73.98 J impact energy, the dynamic process of punch penetrating BHSS can be divided into five stages: elastic deformation, damage initiation, damage aggravation, stiffness strengthening and rebound. The TPMS porous core layer is the core energy-absorbing component of BHSS, with an energy absorption ratio of 63.76% and an overall energy absorption peak value of 63.77 J for the structure. The carbon fiber lay-up angles of cross-ply, angle-ply and quasi-isotropic ply have a weak effect on the energy absorption peak value of BHSS. The rubber buffer layer can effectively reduce the peak impact acceleration, but with an obvious marginal effect. The BHSS with P-type cell configuration exhibits the optimal comprehensive buffering and energy-absorbing effect, while increasing the cell wall thickness will lead to a significant rise in the peak punch acceleration.

A detection method for weak bonding defects at CFRP interfaces driven by dynamic response entropy

WANG Tengao, QU Meijiao, SONG Yuheng, CHENG Danyang, LIU Yucheng

2026, 0(7): 12-17. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260728.002

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To address the challenge of detecting weak bonding defects at interfaces in carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP), a novel in-situ detection method driven by “dynamic response entropy” is proposed for laser shock testing. This approach employs a Photonic Doppler Velocimetry (PDV) system to record particle velocity responses on the rear surface of CFRP specimens subjected to laser shocks of varying energy and pulse width. Post-impact, computed tomography (CT) is employed to examine the internal state of the specimen. Findings reveal a significant correlation between the temporal disorder of the dynamic response signal during laser impact and the interfacial delamination behaviour induced by the shock wave. Building upon this, the degree of pattern disorder in the dynamic response signal’s time series is defined as “dynamic response entropy”, with entropy values characterising whether delamination occurs in the material under laser impact. Results indicate that non-delaminated specimens exhibit zero dynamic response entropy values, whereas delaminated specimens consistently display values significantly above zero. This confirms the efficacy of dynamic response entropy in characterising laser shock-induced interfacial delamination behaviour in CFRP, thereby providing a technical approach for detecting weak bonding defects at the CFRP interface under laser shock loading.

Preparation and mechanical properties of titanium alloy and carbon nanocomposites

WEN Hongzhe

2026, 0(7): 18-23. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260728.003

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To investigate the effects of forming process and temperature environment on the mechanical propertiesof titanium alloy and carbon nanotube composite (CNTs/Ti),this study modifies the surface of the titanium alloy material with carbon nanotubes. The CNTs/Ti powder is prepared by the wet ball milling method, and the tensile specimens are prepared by the selective laser melting technology.Subsequently,the tensile mechanical properties ofCNTs/Ti are systematically studied underdifferent temperature environments.The results show that when the ball milling timeis 5 hours, the content of element C significantly increases to 22.78at%. At -58 ℃,the specimen with a CNTs content of 0.6wt‰ has the highest tensile strength. The trend under the low-temperature cycle is the same as that at low temperature (-58 ℃). At 600 ℃,the specimen with a CNTs content of 0wt‰ has the highest tensile strength.By observing the fracture surface of the specimens, it is found that the specimens still maintain high plasticity at-58 ℃ and 600 ℃.

Study of morphological structure and thermal conductivity of ultra-fine glass fiber wool felts

MA Xiaoyong, WANG Shipeng, LI Gang, ZHAN Hao, LIN Xiaojun, ZHANG Yajuan, LI Gao

2026, 0(7): 24-32. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260728.004

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Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) were employed to determine the morphological structure parameters of the two types of ultra-fine glass fiber wool felts, the impact of temperature variations on the thermal conductivity of both wool felts was investigated using transient plane source (TPS) method. The findings reveal that the wool felt No. 1 has a smaller average fiber diameter (3.36 μm), higher porosity (95.51%), larger total pore volume and area (0.013 2 m³/kg and 1 270 m²/kg, respectively); in contrast, the wool felt No. 2 has a larger average fiber diameter (6.27 μm), with porosity, total pore volume, and total pore area of 93.61%, 0.008 3 m³/kg, and 669 m²/kg, respectively. At a test temperature of 273.15 K, the average thermal conductivities of wool felts No.1 and No.2 are 0.025 7 W/(m·K) and 0.030 7 W/(m·K), respectively. As the test temperature increases, molecular thermal motion accelerates, resulting in an increasing trend in the thermal conductivity of both wool felts. At 393.15 K, the average thermalconductivities of wool felts No.1 and No.2 increase to 0.037 0 W/(m·K) and 0.043 3 W/(m·K), respectively. Additionally, due to its smaller fiber diameter, higher porosity, larger total pore volume and area, the wool felt No.1 consistently exhibits lower thermal conductivity and better thermal insulation performance than wool felt No.2. This study provides theoretical and data support for the application of ultra-fine glass fiber wool felts in engineering thermal insulation.

Study on mechanical properties of composite pre-tightened toothed based on variable stiffness soft materials

LI Fei, XU Wei, ZHAO Lieqiu, CHEN Weizhao

2026, 0(7): 33-43. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260728.005

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The embedding of soft materials makes the load distribution among the teeth in the pre-tightened tooth joint of composite materials tend to be uniform, improving the bearing performance of the joint. However, it also leads to stress concentration at the tooth tip of a single tooth, which cannot fully utilize the performance of the soft material. Based on this, this paper proposes a single-tooth joint configuration with embedded variable stiffness soft materials. Through experiments and finite element models, the influence of constant stiffness and variable stiffness soft materials on the bearing capacity of single-tooth joints is compared and analyzed. The research results show that compared with the traditional single-tooth joint, embedding constant stiffness soft materials reduces the bearing capacity of the single-tooth joint by 54.4%, while embedding variable stiffness soft materials increases the bearing capacity of the single-tooth joint by 12.5%. Compared with constant stiffness soft materials, the embedding of variable stiffness soft materials can effectively reduce the stress concentration at the tooth tip of the composite material teeth, thereby improving the bearing performance of the joint.

Uncertainty analysis of tensile strength of open-hole laminates based on RVE modeling

LI Enqing, LIU Xinglong, SONG Ting, LU Xiang

2026, 0(7): 44-56. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260728.006

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Aiming at the problem of dispersion of mechanical properties of open-hole laminates due to fiber and pore inhomogeneity during material preparation, this study develops an algorithm for generating a three-phase RVE model with randomly distributed fibers-substrate-pores, performs macro- and fine-scale progressive damage analyses of open-hole laminates, and solves for the sensitivities of the dimensions of the fibers and pores (R_f, R_v) and the volume fractions (V_f, V_v) by using a polynomial chaos expansion method, to realize theuncertainty prediction of tensile strength of open-hole laminates.The analytical results show that under the combined effect of V_f decrease and V_v increase, the maximum decrease in the elastic performance parameters of the open pore plywood is 29.47%, and the ultimate load decrease is 14.51%, which are significantly more than the corresponding maximum decreases caused by the changes of a single parameter (V_f or V_v) by 19.5% and 10.94%, respectively. For the failure displacements of open-hole laminates, the parameter influences were ranked as V_f > R_f > V_v > R_v; for the ultimate loads of open-hole laminates, the parameter influences were ranked as V_v > V_f > R_v > R_f. Which showed that the effects of the changes in volume fraction were greater than the effects of the changes in dimensions.

Research on the bonding performance of BFRP bars and basalt fiber coal gangue concrete

LI Kun, LIU Huaxin, LIU Zhenrong

2026, 0(7): 57-65. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260728.007

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To investigate the bond performance between BFRP bars and spontaneous combustioncoal gangue aggregate concrete, a centralpull-out test was conducted to analyze the effects of the coal gangue fine aggregate replacement rate and basalt fiber volume fraction on interfacial bond behavior. The applicability of a typical bond-slip model was also evaluated. The experimental results show that the main interfacial failure modes between the BFRP bar and the coal gangue concrete are splitting failure and pull-out failure. An appropriate amount of coal gangue fine aggregate can significantly improve the interfacial bond performance. The peak bond strength reaches its maximum when the replacement rate is 25%, while further increases in the replacement rate lead to a decrease in bond performance due to the higher porosity of the aggregate. Basalt fibers have a significant reinforcing effect on interfacial properties; the bond strength initially increases and then decreases with increasing fiber volume fraction, with 0.15% being the optimal fraction. Model comparison results show that the CMR model can accurately describe the bond-slip relationship between the BFRP bar and the coal gangue aggregate concrete. This study can provide a reference for the resource utilization of coal gangue and the design of BFRP-reinforced concrete structures.

Analysis of influencing characteristics of equivalent permeability of multilayer hybrid fiber composites

LI Yongjing, XU Shengwen, YAN Shilin, ZHANG Xiaonan

2026, 0(7): 66-73. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260728.008

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The comprehensive performance of hybrid fiber composites is significantly superior to that of single fiber composites. As a core parameter characterizing the impregnation ability of fibers, permeability directly affects the quality and mechanical properties of products. In this paper, a combined method of numerical simulation and experiment is adopted to study the equivalent permeability of hybrid fiber composites. A two-scale porous medium unit cell model considering the porosity within fiber bundles is established, and the reliability of this approach is validated by experimental findings. The influencing factors of fiber type, layering method, and nesting effect on the equivalent permeability of the unit cell are investigated. The results show that an increase in carbon fiber content in the unit cell significantly reduces the equivalent permeability of the unit cell; under different layering sequences, the low permeability layer inhibits fluid flow in the high permeability layer, thereby reducing the equivalent permeability of the unit cell; the nesting effect reduces the internal porosity of the fabric and increases the curvature of the flow channel, leading to a significant decrease in the equivalent permeability of the unit cell.

Properties of mesinase pitch modified ceramifiable silicone rubber composites and microanalysis of ablation layers

WU Liwei, ZHAO Yangyang, LIU Xin, HUANG Zhixiong, WANG Yanbing

2026, 0(7): 74-82. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260728.009

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The ceramifiable silicone rubber was prepared by blending with silicone rubber as the matrix, molybdenum silicide (MoSi₂) as ablation-resistant filler, a glassy material as low melting point filler, andmesophasepitch (MP) as ceramisation-assisting reactive substance. The tensile strength of the composites at room temperature, the flexural strength of the composites after high-temperature heat treatments at 600 ℃, 800 ℃, 1 000 ℃, and 1 200 ℃, and the microscopic morphology and phase evolution of the ablated centre region after oxygen-acetylene flame ablation were tested. The effects of MP content on the mechanical properties, high-temperature oxidation resistance and ablation resistance of the ceramicisable silicone rubber composites were investigated. The results showed that the flexural strength of the pyrolysis product of the composite with 20 parts of MP added reached 9.54 MPa after heat treatment at 1 200 ℃, which was 55.9% higher than that of the composite without MP added. The microscopic morphology shows that the addition of MP can effectively improve the densification of the carbon layer, and the surface of the composite material gradually becomes flat with the increase of MP content, and cracks and holes are basically not observed on the surface.

Research on the wave-absorbing performance of wave-absorbing honeycomb sandwich structures with damage

CAO Huijie, SUN Yungang, XUAN Shanyong

2026, 0(7): 83-92. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260728.010

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In practical applications, wave-absorbing honeycomb sandwich structures are prone to issues such as delamination, debonding, and impact damage of the wave-transmitting skin, which in turn affect their electromagnetic wave absorption performance. Based on an optimally designed wave-absorbing honeycomb sandwich structure, this paper establishes simulation analysis models incorporating different typical damages. It analyzes the impact of damage forms such as delamination of the wave-transmitting skin, skin-honeycomb debonding, and skin damage on the absorption performance. The applicability of the research results under different damage shapes, electromagnetic wave incidence angles, and polarization modes is verified. Finally, a theoretical model of wave-absorbing honeycomb sandwich structures with delamination, debonding, and skin damage is established, and the mechanism by which these damages affect the structural absorption performance is discussed in detail. The research results indicate that delamination and debonding damages have little impact on the absorption performance of the wave-absorbing honeycomb sandwich structure at low frequencies, and even enhance the absorption performance at high frequencies. When the damage diameter reaches 100 mm, the effective absorption bandwidth of the structure is reduced by up to 0.06 GHz; damage to the wave-transmitting skin disrupts the impedance matching characteristics of the structure, causing the absorption peak to shift towards higher frequencies, leading to a significant decrease in absorption performance at mid-to-high frequencies. When the damage diameter reaches 60 mm, the effective absorption bandwidth of the structure is reduced by 0.6 GHz, and the average reflectivity increases by 0.6 dB.

Defect identification of plastic liner and carbon fiber layer of hydrogen storage cylinder based on microwave characteristics

GUO Kai, BIAN Zhaopei, LING Xiao, NIU Jiang, YAO Yongchuang

2026, 0(7): 93-99. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260728.011

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To realize the non-destructive detection of plastic liners and carbon fiber layers, microwave detection technology was used to conduct experimental research on prefabricated defective plastic sheets and carbon fiber samples. Firstly, carbon fiber samples with fourlayupangles were designed, and the plastic sheets and carbon fiber specimens were processed for defects. Then, the sample was tested by the microwave inspection system, and the defect evaluation and characterization were completed in combination with the detection data. The results show that the transmission parameter (S₂₁) has the best stability and the highest fitting degree at 0° layup angles, and the microwave signal is the least interfered with, which is the most conducive to defect detection. In addition, defects can significantly change the microwave transmission, and different types of defects show unique changes in the S-parameters, which can be used for defect identification. This study provides a parameter optimization basis and a new approach for defect identification for the microwave non-destructive testing of hydrogen storage cylinder composite structures.

Simulation study on lightning strike resistance performance of electric heating film for anti-ice andde-ice of wind turbine blades

LU Jiaqi, JIANG Hui, CHEN Chao, TANG Shaochun

2026, 0(7): 100-107. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260728.012

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Wind turbine blades are highly susceptible to icing when operating in low-temperature and high-humidity environments, which severely degrades their aerodynamic performance and significantly reduces power generation efficiency. Electric heating films have emerged as a key technology for wind turbine blade anti-icing/de-icing due to their advantages such as efficient ice melting, lightweight nature, and long lifespan. However, as a distributed conductive structure integrated onto the blade surface, electric heating films are more vulnerable to lightning strikes during thunderstorms. The transient high current and voltage can induce significant electrothermal coupling damage, making insufficient lightning resistance a critical factor affecting the reliability of wind turbine systems. Addressing the lightning resistance performance of wind turbine blade electric heating films, this paper employs the finite element analysis method to establish a detailed electrothermal coupling model. Based on this model, the electrothermal response characteristics of the electric heating film under different lightning currentwaveforms are simulated, and the influence of multi-layer protection structures on lightning resistance performance is comparatively analyzed. Research indicates that adopting a composite structure combining a high-density lightning protection copper mesh (195 g/m²) with a resin reinforcement layer can significantly reduce electric field concentration and temperature gradients within the electric heating film during a lightning strike, thereby enhancing its ability to resist transient high voltage breakdown and thermal damage. This study provides an important theoretical basis and a technical reference for the structural optimization of anti-icing/de-icing electric heating films for wind turbine blades.

Study on failure characteristics of multi-rivet joints in composite lap plates using blind rivets

ZHANG Heng, DONG Weilin, XIONG Ruoqin, WANG Runze, YANG Chen, GENG Xiaoliang, LI Linsong, YANG Jin, LIU Jun

2026, 0(7): 108-116. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260728.013

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This study investigated the load-bearing capacity of composite laminated lap joints with multi-rivet countersunk pull-through connections through single-shear multi-rivet tensile testing and simulation analysis, focusing on the effects of overlap height and rivet arrangement patterns. The experimental results showed that the primary failure modes were rivet shank fracture and localized damage in the laminate. The rivet fracture was caused by the shear action of the laminate, while the laminate damage originated from bearing stress around the rivet holes. The study found no significant positive correlation between overlap height and load-bearing capacity. Different arrangement patterns exhibited varying load-bearing capacities due to differences in rivet quantity, with parallel arrangements demonstrating higher capacity than staggered ones. Additionally, using T700 carbon fiber composite lap joints, despite their higher tensile strength, did not improve the load-bearing capacity of the multi-rivet connection structure. Instead, due to stress concentration and uneven load distribution, the T700 joints exhibited reduced capacity compared to T300 carbon fiber composite lap joints.

Path planning for component contour inspection based on multi-objective optimization

AN Tao, SUN Xiaowei, LIU Zhanwei, LIU Kai, LI Jianxi, WANG Xinghua

2026, 0(7): 117-125. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260728.014

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To address the issue of rapid profile inspection for large-scale complex components during various processing stages, this study develops a method for profile inspection path planning of target components under the constraints of a binocular laser measurement system. Based on the three-dimensional model of large-sized ship panels, the initial appearance data of the panels are obtained. Considering the geometric features of the components and the effective working range of the measurement system, the model is partitioned to establish an initial spatial viewpoint network for inspection paths. A non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm is employed for spatial search planning of the viewpoint network, where the constraints of the measurement system are incorporated as multi-objective optimization functions. The viewpoint coverage rate and quantity are set as optimization objectives to refine the viewpoint network. The optimized viewpoint network is then used as input, transforming the path optimization problem into a three-dimensional traveling salesman problem. An improved ant colonyalgorithm is applied to optimize the path traversing all viewpoints, with a cost function introduced to evaluate the optimized paths. Through experimental verification, a large-sized component profile inspection path planning method with short measurement paths, low time consumption, and high model coverage is ultimately developed.

Zoned gradient design and analysis of electromagnetic performance in curved functional composite structures

YANG Shengshu, LI Songming, GUO Wen, LIU Yushun, LU Haijun

2026, 0(7): 126-133. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260728.015

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This paper analyzes the potential reasons for the limited radar cross section (RCS) reduction effectiveness of gradient-designed electromagnetic functional composite materials, originally based on flat-plate structures, when applied to curved structures. By introducing a gradient design method for curved functional composite structures zoned by electromagnetic wave incidence angles, this study achieves optimized enhancement of dual-polarization electromagnetic performance in low-frequency bands for curved functional composite structures. The paper emphasizes that uniform gradient designs can improve RCS reduction capability in flat structures, but in curved structural applications, due to position-dependent variations in the actual electromagnetic wave incidence angles across curved surfaces, even under vertical electromagnetic wave irradiation, uniform gradient designs fail to directly deliver their electromagnetic scattering suppression optimization effects, necessitating gradient designs that incorporate incidence angle considerations to enhance RCS reduction capabilities. A gradient electrical structure design method partitioned by incidence angles is proposed. Through optimized analysis of curved functional composite structures with incidence angle-zoned gradient designs, an 8.94 dB improvement in average horizontal polarization RCS reduction at 1~2 GHz compared to single-type electromagnetic core materials is achieved, along with over 16 dB average RCS reduction across 1~6 GHz. A curved functional composite material structure has been obtained, which exhibits efficient low-frequency reduction performance in low-frequency horizontal polarization and also possesses vertical polarization reduction capabilities.

Technical study on preparation of engine composite shell by inflatable bladder molding

LI Shicheng, ZHOU Linyun, SHI Wenfeng, WANG Zhiyuan, LI Laifu

2026, 0(7): 134-140. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260728.016

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In order to ensure the internal quality of the composite shell with both ends reduced, the method of lap spiral winding and inflatable bladder was used to prepare the composite shell. The bonding parameters were determined by testing the performance of the bonded inclined tape through experiments. The winding mode of the inclined tape was designed and the deformation of the inclined tape was calculated to determine the winding parameters. Different pressures were selected for experiments and tests, and the quality of samples was compared. The results show that the preferred bonding time of the inclined tape is 1 s, the bonding temperature is 80~90 ℃, the maximum deformation of the inclined tape is controlled at about 10 mm during winding, and the pressure of the bladder is 3 MPa, the internal quality of the prepared inner insulated shell is the best.

Study on the effect of porosity on flexural performance of thick composite structures for wind turbine blades

HU Congli, WANG Xiaojing, DING Anxin

2026, 0(7): 141-149. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260728.017

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The study investigated the effect of porosity on the flexural stiffness of thick composites used in wind turbines. Thick composite laminate test panels with porosities of 0.64%, 2.04%, and 5.42% were fabricated using vacuum infusion molding. Four-point bending specimens were prepared according to ISO 14125 standard, and cyclic bending fatigue tests up to 1 000 000 cycles were conducted. The flexural modulus of the specimens before fatigue testing and after 200 000,600 000, 800 000, and 1 000 000 cycles was calculated using strain gauge and deflection methods, respectively. Experimental results revealed that for high-porosity (5.42%) specimens, a significant discrepancy (61% higher modulus via strain method) existed between the two measurement approaches. This discrepancy arises because strain gauges only capture surface strain and fail to reflect the global load-bearing capacity of structures with internal defects such as interlaminar delamination. Porosity significantly influenced the degradation of flexural modulus in thick structures after fatigue. Low-porosity (0.64%) specimens exhibited a mere 3.7% modulus reduction from 52.18 GPa to 50.27 GPa after 1 000 000 cycles, whereas high-porosity (5.42%) specimens experienced a 38.4% modulus drop from 50.65 GPa to 31.21 GPa after 200 000 cycles, further declining to 28.90 GPa after 1 00 0 000 cycles. Finally, a porosity-dependent flexural modulus degradation model was established based on experimental data, providing critical support for mechanical simulation of thick composite shell structures under bending loads.

Electromagnetic performance measurement technology of electromagnetic absorbing composites and structures

QI Nan, YANG Kai, GUO Wen, LU Haijun

2026, 0(7): 150-162. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260728.018

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Electromagnetic (EM) performance measurement technology, as the critical bridge to electromagnetic absorbing composites, plays an essential role in the revealing absorption mechanism, guiding material design and characterizing performance. The extensive adoption of EM absorbing composites in sophisticated sectors such as aviation, aerospace, and marine engineering has generated an increasingly urgent demand for high precision, stability, and engineering applicability. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically review the current research status, existing challenges, and future development trends. This paper, providing a comprehensive overview of EM performance measurement technology from the perspectives of electromagnetic parameters, absorption properties, and component performance, summarizes frontier achievements regarding measurement accuracy, operating bandwidths, and engineering viability and discusses the future development trends and application prospects.

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