COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Experimental study on the effect of temperature on the mechanical properties of the new aeronautical composite material IMA/M21X

ZHAO Yanqi , DAI Yong , LIU Chang , LAI Xiaoliang , SUN Cheng , LIU Xiaolin , SHAO Chun

2026, 0(4): 1-8. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260428.001

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Temperature influence tests were carried out for the commonly used mechanical properties parameters of the new IMA/M21X composites, and the tensile tests at room temperature, 70 ℃, 120 ℃, 150 ℃, and 180 ℃ were carried out for the 0° and 90° ply test specimens, as well as the measurements of the shear modulus G₁₂,G₁₃, and G₂₃ at corresponding temperature conditions. The results show that the transverse modulus of elasticity is greatly affected by temperature, decreasing by 34.78% from room temperature to 180 ℃. TransversePoisson’s ratio approaches 0 and increases with increasingtemperature. The shear modulus decreases with increasing temperature, unlike the usual assumption that G₁₂=G₁₃, at room temperature, the material G₁₂ is 28.49% larger than G₁₃. The tensile modulus and in-plane shear modulus of IMA/M21X material are relatively superior, but the inter layer shear modulus is relatively weak. The mechanical parameters of IMA/M21X at room temperature and temperature were obtained, and the effect of temperature on the properties of IMA/M21X was investigated.

Study on synthesis and properties of silane hybrid resins and their composites

ZHANG Yaozhi , XU Jinwen , ZHAO Xingnuo , JIANG Fengguang , SHU Changpeng , ZHOU Quan

2026, 0(4): 9-17. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260428.002

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Silane hybrid resin, as a kind with excellent temperature resistance material, is favored in lots of fields. This investigation has studied the performance and characteristic of one kind of high-performance silane hybrid resins modified by chemical and physical methods and made it into composites for promoting the application of this material. This study investigates the relationship between structure and performance aiming to improve this resin’s heat resistance, mechanical properties and processing performance.In this study, m-diethynylbenzenes and dichlorosilane with different substituents were used to make poly (m-diethynylbenzene-silane) resin(PBS-R). The structure, curing process and heat resistance of the PBS-R resins was researched by various test methods. The results showed that viscosity of PBS-R increased with increasing of molecular weight; curing temperature rose with the enlargement of the steric hindrance of the silane substituents. The resin PBS-H which synthesied from methylhydrodichlorosilane has the best heat resistance. T_d5 reached 734.8 ℃ and 615.2 ℃, respectively at N₂ and air atmosphere. Poly (m-diethynylbenzene-dimethylsilane) resin (PBS-B) has the optimum mechanical properties. By reinforcing with glass fiber, the flexural and interlaminar shear strength of composites at room temperature reached 403.5 MPa and 21.3 MPa, with performance retention rates above 80% at 250 ℃ testing environment.

Research on the impact resistance of 3D spacer fabric hybrid reinforced composites

GAO Longwei , BAI Yifeng , JIANG Jinhua , CHEN Nanliang , SHAO Huiqi

2026, 0(4): 18-26. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260428.003

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To enhance the impact resistance of carbon fiber laminates, a three-dimensional hollow woven spacer fabric was integrated with the carbon fiber laminate through a integratedforming process. Various materials, including glass fiber and carbon fiber as well as different thicknesses (3 mm, 7 mm, and 15 mm) of spacer fabrics, and carbon fiber biaxial warp-knitted fabrics were designed and prepared as hybrid reinforced composites. Continuous low-velocity impact tests were conducted at energy of 9 J, 15 J, 21 J and 27 J. This study further investigated the effect of stackingsequence on impact performance and damage mechanisms. The findings demonstrate that unilateral distribution of spacer fabric significantly enhances the initial energy absorption. Specifically, the specific energy absorption (SEA) increases by over 25.74% in comparison to pure laminate configuration. At the impact energy of 27 J, the SEA experiences a reduction of at least 33.67%. An increase in the thickness of spacer fabric correlates with an enhanced energy absorption capacity. Furthermore, it is found that the energy absorption of carbon fiber spacer fabric is superior to that of glass fiber spacer fabric, with a 21.46% reduction in SEA during a 27 J impact. The energy absorption of sandwich structure is positively correlated with the thickness of spacer fabric and remains effective after progressive impact. At the impact energy of 27 J, SEA of sandwich structure with 15 mm glass fiber spacer fabric shows an enhancement of 2.48%. Additionally, the impact resistance of sandwich structure with carbon fiber spacer fabric, when compared at equivalent thickness, demonstrates superior performance relative to the glass fiber counterpart. At the impact energy of 27 J, the SEA for the carbon fiber structure is observed to decrease by 30.34%.

Shear nonlinear behavior of laminated composite materials: experimental and numerical simulation study

MA Mingze , XIONG Xin , MENG Qingchun , WU Fuqiang , ZHAO Yapan , QIAO Wei

2026, 0(4): 27-35. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260428.004

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Composite materials exhibit significant nonlinear behavior in longitudinal and transverse shear stress. The experimental and numerical simulation studies on the shear nonlinear phenomenon of carbon fiber and glass fiber woven composite materials are conducted in this paper. A constitutive equation similar to plastic damage is used to describe the shear nonlinear constitutive behavior of composite materials, taking into account the influence of plastic strain on residual deformation. By comparing with the experimental results, it is found that the model in this paper can accurately describe the load displacement curve, damage distribution, and failure morphology of woven composite materials, verifying the accuracy of the proposed model.

Approximate formulas of shear buckling load of orthotropic plates restrained by lipped stiffeners

DING Hui , LIU Qinghui , QIAO Pizhong

2026, 0(4): 36-43. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260428.005

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The analytical solution for in-plane shear-loaded orthotropic plates, where two opposite edges are simply supported and the other two are restrained by lipped stiffeners with warping stiffness, is obtained using the Rayleigh-Ritz method and a proper buckled shape function. By introducing generic non-dimensional parameters, i.e., orthotropic material parameters, warping constraint coefficient, and two types of buckling coefficients, the approximate formulas of the critical shear buckling load of orthotropic plates restrained by lipped stiffeners with warping stiffness are obtained by using the curve-fitting technique. The effectiveness and generality of the approximate formulas are validated with the analytical and transformed solutions, and ANSYS numerical analysis. The obtained approximate formulas can be applied to the local buckling analysis of composite beams with edge-stiffened flanges subjected to shear loads.

A baseline-free damage imaging method for air-coupled lamb waves based on adaptive clustering and semantic weighting

QIN Yuan , ZHOU Jinjie , PENG Zhikang

2026, 0(4): 44-54. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260428.006

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This paper proposes a baseline-free probability imaging method integrating density clustering and semantic weighting to overcome the reliance on defect-free reference signals and boundary artifacts in traditional air-coupled Lamb wave imaging. Full-path response signals are collected via orthogonal scanning. A joint feature vector is constructed using wavelet low-frequency approximation coefficients and a normalized symmetric difference factor, followed by density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) to unsupervisedly classify scan paths into “healthy” or “damaged” states. The resulting semantic labels are embedded as adaptive weights into an improvedreconstruction algorithm for probabilistic inspection of damage (RAPID) model, suppressing artifact paths and dynamically constructing a soft baseline. Experiments on CFRP delamination defects show that the method, requiring no prior baseline, reduces the average size measurement error by 50.5% compared to traditional RAPID. For a 40 mm×20 mm×0.05 mm defect, measurement accuracy in the X/Y directions has improved by 81.7% and 65.5%, respectively, while effective identification of a 20 mm×20 mm×0.05 mm defect is achieved. Stable imaging performance is maintained even at a 5 dB SNR. This method effectively eliminates the baseline dependency and enhances detection accuracy and robustness, demonstrating significant engineering potential.

Performance evaluation of silicone-modified basalt fiber and their insulating composite

LIU Hechen , WANG Yuli , WU Xiong , NAN Shuyue , WANG Ziying , WU Peng

2026, 0(4): 55-62. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260428.007

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Due to the inert surface of basalt fibers and their low bonding strength with the matrix, it is difficult to fully utilize their performance advantages in the preparation of fiber-reinforced composite materials. This paper uses epoxy silicone resin lotion as a film-forming agent, KH-560 as coupling agent and other additives to preparea sizing agent for motifying basalt fibers. Composite insulation materials are prepared by vacuum-assisted molding technology to explore the feasibility of silicone epoxy resin for basalt fiber modification. The results showed that the modification effect of organic silicon epoxy resin on basalt fiber was significant. Compared with composite materials prepared from traditional commercial basalt fiber, its dielectric loss factor was reduced by 31.4%, the surface flashover voltage was increased by 17.88%, and the breakdown field strength was increased by 35.02%, demonstrating superior insulation properties; the bending strength has increased by 16.85%, and it has lower water absorption at 23 ℃ and 100 ℃. Based on the above analysis, the basalt fiber treated with organic silicon epoxy resin exhibits better performance, and the application of basalt fiber reinforced composite materials in large electrical equipment has broad application prospect.

Study on four-point bending performance of bonded repairs in composite foam sandwich structures with non-penetrating damage

LIU Guochun, SHEN He, SUN Huawei

2026, 0(4): 63-71. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260428.008

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This study investigates the flexural mechanical properties of repaired composite foam sandwich structures with non-penetrating damage. Mechanical performance tests were conducted on composite panels and foam cores, and a high-fidelity finite element analysis model for sandwich structures was established incorporating the 3D Hashin failure criterion, Crushable Foam plasticity model, and B-K adhesive failure criterion. Four-point bending performance tests were performed on repaired structures with non-penetrating damage. The damage evolution and failure mechanisms of the repaired structures under bending loads were systematically investigated through the integration of finite element analysis and experimental results. Parameter optimization of additional repair plies was accomplished based on the high-precision finite element model. The results indicate that the proposed model integrating three failure criteria for laminates, foam cores, and adhesive layers demonstrates high computational accuracy, with deviations of 4.15% in flexural strength and 2.07% in flexural stiffness compared to experimental averages. Both finite element analysis and experimental verification effectively reveal the damage propagation path and failure modes of repaired structures under bending loads. The optimized repair scheme achieved 90.68% strength recovery rate, demonstrating significant engineering applicability.

Preparation and performance study of latent imidazole curing agents for epoxy resin

LIU Wei

2026, 0(4): 72-77. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260428.009

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Imidazole barbiturate (BAM) was synthesized through an acid-base neutralization reaction between imidazole (MI) and barbituric acid (BA) in an aqueous solution and employed as a latent curing agent for epoxy resin (EP) systems. This study systematically characterized the molecular structure of BAM using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.The latent curing behavior, storage stability, and mechanical performance of the EP/BAM system were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry, rheological analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis, and mechanical property testing. The results showed that the introduction of barbituric acid significantly reduced the curing activity of imidazole, shifting the curing exothermic peak of the EP/BAM system approximately 60 ℃ higher compared to the EP/MI system. The EP/BAM system exhibited excellent storage stability with a room-temperature storage period of up to 63 days, while achieving rapid curing under moderate-temperature conditions. Additionally, the cured EP/BAM system maintained a glass transition temperature of 163.9 ℃ and showed higher strength and modulus compared to the EP/MI system, demonstrating superior thermal resistance and mechanical performance. In conclusion, the EP/BAM system exhibits remarkable advantages in latency, storage stability, and post-curing performance, providing a novel and efficient strategy for the development of one-component epoxy resin systems.

Research on the prediction of compression buckling behavior of composite I-shaped reinforced plates based on machine learning

YANG Xinyi , NIE Xiaohua , ZHANG Guofan , CHANG Liang

2026, 0(4): 78-88. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260428.010

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The I-beam composite stiffened panel is a common engineering structure in aircraft load-bearing components. The axial compressive buckling performance of such panels is typically investigated using engineering methods and finite element analysis. However, these conventional approaches are characterized by low accuracy and high computational time, making it difficult to achieve efficient and precise research. In this study, an efficient machine learning framework is established to address the prediction of the buckling load and buckling mode shape of I-beam composite stiffened panels under axial compression. By designing the sample space and constructing the dataset, the Extra Tree regression model and ANN (Artificial Neural Network) classification model are selected for prediction. The prediction accuracy for buckling load and mode shape reaches 98.34% and 93.75%, respectively. This significantly improves the prediction accuracy and efficiency, thereby overcoming the limitations of traditional methods.

Three-dimensional multiphase finite element modelling and experimental study of C/SiC composites asynchronous scratching by multiple abrasive grains

ZHANG Guangbin , LI Yuanchen , LI Ao , ZHENG Yanzhao , LIANG Kai , GUO Yi

2026, 0(4): 89-100. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260428.011

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In order to deeply reveal the grinding mechanism of carbon fibre reinforced ceramic matrix composites (C/SiC), for the current macroscopic single-phase finite element method can not intuitively reflect the failure form of the fibre and matrix, chip type and other problems, this paper comprehensively considered the fibre-interface-matrix interaction mechanism through the numerical simulation method, and established a three-dimensional multi-phase finite element model for multiple abrasive grains to scribe the C/SiC composites and simulation analysis on the scribing model was simulated and analysed for the axial spacing of abrasive grains and the scribing depth. Through the corresponding experimental study, the failure form of matrix and fibre, the chip formation process, the surface damage morphology of the intermediate region under different axial spacing of abrasive grains were elucidated, and the variation trend of the scribing force under different axial spacing and scribing depth of multiple abrasive grains was revealed. The results show that the scribing force of the abrasive grains interacts with each other, leaving more damage on the surface after the scribing of abrasive grain Ⅰ, effectively reducing the scribing force of abrasive grain Ⅱ, and this effect manifests itself as different degrees of interference with different axial spacings, indicating that there exists a strong coupling relationship between the abrasive grains, and the interference between the abrasive grains is insignificant when the spacing is 70 μm, which is the critical spacing. The scribing force is greater along the longitudinal fibres than the transverse fibres, which is due to the fact that the shear strength of the interface is greater than the debonding strength of the interface and the axial strength of the fibres is greater than the radial strength.

Study on the surface synergistic treatment of aluminum alloy and its resistance welding with CF/PEEK laminate

CHEN Xinyu, YU Jingsheng, CHEN Shunxin, XU Renxin

2026, 0(4): 101-106. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260428.012

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To address the challenge of efficiently and reliably connecting 7075 aluminum alloy with carbon fiber reinforced polyether ether ketone (CF/PEEK) composites in the manufacture of aerospace equipment. The aluminum alloy undergoes sandblasting, and various thicknesses of polyetherimide (PEI) thermoplastic layers are applied to its surface. This study aims to investigate the adhesion of sandblasted aluminum alloy to thermoplastic layers and the impact of different thicknesses of these layers on the quality of weld seams, strength, and cross-sectional morphology of welded joints. The results demonstratethat the rough structure created by sandblasting significantly improves the wettabilityand surface roughness of the aluminum alloy, thereby enhancing its adhesion to the thermoplastic layer. When the thickness of the thermoplastic layer is 0.4 mm, the strength of the welded joints after sandblasting significantly increases from 2.18 MPa to 18.48 MPa. In addition, the section failure mode of the welded joint is primarily attributed to the failure of the carbon fiber tear interlayer in the heating element.

Prediction of residual strength of porous laminates in humid and hot environment based on Bayesian theory

JIA Baohui , ZHOU Jiaxing , XIAO Haijian , REN Peng

2026, 0(4): 107-114. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260428.013

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Composite laminates are widely used due to their superior properties. In the humid and hot environment, the residual strength of the porous composite laminates decreases significantly and the dispersion increases.Considering the actual service conditions, this paper carries out experimental and simulation studies on the static tensile strength of composite laminates under six hygrothermal conditions.Based on the simulation data as the foundation for evaluating the residual strength of the laminate, the Bayesian theory combined with the experimental data was used to evaluate the residual strength of the laminate theoretically, and the distribution characteristics of the residual strength parameters of the laminate in the humid and hot environment was obtained. The Metrohast-Hastings algorithm is used to obtain the numerical solution of the residual strength of the laminate, and the distribution characteristics of temperature and humidity of the residual strength of the composite laminate is given by numerical inversion. The strength of the perforated laminate structure is given by the 90% and 99% quantiles, where temperature and humidity are the functions of the independent variables. The model can effectively predict the residual strength and dispersion of porous laminates in hot and humid environments.

Analytical prediction of axial compression buckling behavior of all-composite corrugated sandwich cylindrical shell

ZHOU Wenting , WANG Cong , WANG Yanxia , MA Miaoli

2026, 0(4): 115-123. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260428.014

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For the axial linear buckling behavior of all-composite longitudinally continuous trapezoidal corrugated the cylindrical shell, an analytical prediction method convenient for engineering application was proposed. This method was highly efficient for calculation and analysis, and could distinguish four buckling instability modes: intracellular face buckling, corrugation buckling, sandwich panel buckling and cylindrical shell global buckling. The errors between the calculated critical buckling stress and the 3D finite element simulation results were within ±12%. Based on the validated analytical formulas, parameters analysis were conducted to collaboratively analyze the variations of buckling critical stress, instability modes of the composite corrugated sandwich cylindrical shell with structural and layup parameters, and failure mechanism diagrams were drawn. It is found that all-composite corrugated sandwich cylindrical shells are not prone to sandwich panel buckling; increasing the corrugation inclination angle or the thickness of the wall of the core can improve the buckling critical stress; with all geometric dimensions unchanged, buckling critical stress and instability modes also vary with the ply angles of the face and the core, and the critical stress of intracellular face buckling and of corrugation buckling reach their extreme values at 45°.

Study on curing deformation of composite materials using response surface methodology

LIU Shiyu , NIU Xuejuan

2026, 0(4): 124-131. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260428.015

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To address the issue of curing deformation caused by residual stress in composite material curing processes, this study aims to predict composite curing deformation using a sequentially coupled thermal-mechanical numerical simulation method. Components were fabricated via the autoclave process. The influence of process parameters on curing deformation was investigated and controlled based on the response surface methodology (RSM). A response surface model was established using measured data points to obtain optimal curing parameters. The results indicate that the maximum deformation error between the numerical simulation (via sequential thermal-mechanical coupling) and experimental results is 14.56%. For the optimal curing parameters derived from RSM optimization, the maximum deviation between predicted curing deformation and experimentally measured maximum deformation does not exceed 36.17%. Furthermore, the optimized maximum deformation is reduced by 55.38% compared to traditional processes.

Experimental and simulation research on the uniaxial tensile properties of unidirectional fiber composite materials

MA Yuanchun , YAN Li , GENG Xiaoliang , ZHANG Heng

2026, 0(4): 132-137. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260428.016

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This study investigates the uniaxial tensile behavior and numerical simulation of 1311RTM/GW300 unidirectional fiber composite laminates fabricated by variable-angle tow steering seam laying technology, aiming to explore the influence of fiber orientation deviation on mechanical properties and failure modes. The results indicate that, the stitched specimens exhibit reduced tensile strength and stiffnesscompared to non-stitched specimens. The fracture locations and crack propagation paths consistently correspond to the distribution of stitching needle traces, demonstrating that local fiber orientation deflection affects mechanical performance. A modeling approach reflecting fiber deflection characteristics at stitch points is developed, combined with Hashin’s damage criterion to simulate fiber deflection and damage evolution. The predicted tensile strength and modulus exhibit good agreement with experimental results, and the strain distribution characteristics match the test observations.

Research on resin sustained-release process of carbon fiber hollow fabric composites

WANG Xiaowen, SUN Jie , ZHAO Dajuan, WANG Yuncheng, DONG Jiping, ZHOU Zhengliang

2026, 0(4): 138-143. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260428.017

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To address the issue of significantly higher resin content in the lower layer than in the upper layer during vacuum-assisted molding of three-dimensional hollow fabrics, a resin sustained-release technology was designed. A resin sustained-release layer was placed above the fabric and the release cloth, and carbon fiber hollow fabric composites with heights of 5 mm and 8 mm were prepared respectively. The resin content and mechanical properties of the upper and lower layers of the composites were tested and analyzed. The results show that the resin sustained-release technology can effectively alleviate the problem of uneven resin content between the upper and lower layers of carbon fiber hollow fabrics. For the 5 mm sample, the difference in resin content between the upper and lower layers was reduced from 6.9% to 2.5%; for the 8 mm sample, the difference was reduced from 6.4% to 3.3%, and the uniformity of resin content distribution in the upper layer was simultaneously improved. Concurrently,as the difference in resin content decreased, the tensile, bending, and impact mechanical properties of the composites all improved.

Research progress of pultrusion process for carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites

HU Yujie , ZENG Yonghong , LIU Yonghong , SUN Lin , ZHANG Lianhe , ZHU Hongqiang , LU Wenfeng , CAI Yadi , ZHU Minjiang , ZHOU Zewen , ZHANG Hui

2026, 0(4): 144-160. DOI: 10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260428.018

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Pultrusion process possesses unique advantages in the production of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) due to its high productivity, high raw material utilization, and outstanding designability. It is widely used in various fields such as wind turbo blade and aeronautics. This paper reviews the pultrusion application status. Since resin plays the role of matrix materials of CFRP, we discuss in detailthe pultrusion related to the classification of thermosetting resin and thermoplastic resin. Thermosetting resin possesses low viscosity, low molding temperature and a series of advantages, including epoxy resin, polyester resin. The most obvious characteristic of thermoplastic resin is recyclability, but the high viscosity and high molding temperature restrict its application. The specific cross section structures of CFRP can be fabricatedcorresponding to the advantageous of pultrusion, for example, linear, rounded and H-shaped profiles and other shaped profiles could be quantity produced using pultrusion. We further clarified the specific production process and corresponding optimization design scheme, including fiber arrangement, fiber impregnation, curing molding, described the test methods and evaluation of pultruded composite, including tensile strength, bending strength, interlaminar fracture toughness related to mechanical properties, and C-scan related to nondestructive testing. Finally, we discussed CFRP recycling, the existing problems of pultrusion process in CFRP and expected the future development trend.

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