无人机领域耐高温二氧化硅气凝胶隔热材料研究进展

doi:10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260928.016

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 二氧化硅(SiO₂)气凝胶凭借其独特的纳米结构具有优异的隔热性能,在无人机领域已得到广泛应用,但其长期使用温度通常不超过650 ℃,极大地限制了其在无人机发动机高温部位的应用。硅源前驱体的种类和反应特性决定了SiO₂气凝胶纳米颗粒的尺寸和晶型,高温下纳米多孔结构的收缩坍塌以及晶型变化影响其耐高温性能。本文综述了有机硅酯、掺杂前驱体、无机前驱体和结晶型前驱体所制备的SiO₂气凝胶在耐温性方面的研究进展。研究表明,通过掺杂改性、增大SiO₂溶胶颗粒尺寸、调控前驱体颗粒晶型等改性方式,可将SiO₂气凝胶耐温性提高至1 200 ℃以上。同时,结合当前研究现状,对耐高温SiO₂气凝胶未来的发展方向进行了展望。

关键词: 无人机, 二氧化硅气凝胶, 耐高温, 硅源, 前驱体

Abstract: Silica (SiO₂) aerogels exhibit excellent thermal insulation properties owing to their unique nanostructure, and have been widely used in the field of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). However, their practical applications in high-temperature parts of engines are severely restricted by the limitation that their long-term service temperature cannot exceed 650 ℃. The type and reaction characteristics of silicon precursors determine the particle size and crystal phase of SiO₂ aerogel nanoparticles. At elevated temperatures, the shrinkage and collapse of nanoporous structures, as well as crystal phase transitions, significantly affect their thermal stability. This paper reviews the research progress on the high-temperature resistance of SiO₂ aerogels prepared from organosilicates, doped precursors, inorganic precursors and crystalline precursors. Research has shown that the high-temperature resistance of SiO₂ aerogels can be improved to above 1 200 ℃ through modification strategies such as element doping, increasing the particle size of SiO₂ sol particles, and regulating the crystal form of precursor particles. Combined with the current research status, the future development directions of high-temperature-resistant SiO₂ aerogels are discussed.

Key words: unmanned aerial vehicles, SiO₂ aerogel, high-temperature resistant properties, silicon sources, precursor

中图分类号:

TB332

姬东昊, 卢威, 孟博, 赵婉彤, 艾素芬, 季生洪, 刘佳. 无人机领域耐高温二氧化硅气凝胶隔热材料研究进展[J]. 复合材料科学与工程, 2026, 0(9): 138-146.

JI Donghao, LU Wei, MENG Bo, ZHAO Wantong, AI Sufen, JI Shenghong, LIU Jia. Research progress on high-temperature resistance of SiO₂ aerogel thermal insulation materials in unmanned aerial vehicles[J]. COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, 2026, 0(9): 138-146.

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