电磁吸收复合材料及构件电磁性能测试技术

doi:10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260728.018

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 作为连接电磁吸收复合材料理论研究与工程应用的关键环节,电磁性能测试技术是揭示损耗机制、指导材料研发、评价材料及构件性能的重要手段。随着电磁吸收复合材料在航空、航天、船舶等高精尖领域的广泛应用,对电磁性能测试技术的精确性、稳定性与工程适用性提出了日益迫切的需求。因此,有必要对其研究现状、现存问题及发展趋势进行系统总结。本文从电磁参数、吸收特性以及构件性能等维度,对电磁吸收复合材料及其构件的电磁性能测试技术研究现状进行了系统梳理,总结了其在测试精度、工作频带及工程适用性等方面的前沿成果,并在此基础上对其发展趋势和应用前景进行展望。

关键词: 电磁吸收复合材料, 电磁性能测试, 电磁参数, 反射率, 表面波衰减率, 雷达散射截面

Abstract: Electromagnetic (EM) performance measurement technology, as the critical bridge to electromagnetic absorbing composites, plays an essential role in the revealing absorption mechanism, guiding material design and characterizing performance. The extensive adoption of EM absorbing composites in sophisticated sectors such as aviation, aerospace, and marine engineering has generated an increasingly urgent demand for high precision, stability, and engineering applicability. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically review the current research status, existing challenges, and future development trends. This paper, providing a comprehensive overview of EM performance measurement technology from the perspectives of electromagnetic parameters, absorption properties, and component performance, summarizes frontier achievements regarding measurement accuracy, operating bandwidths, and engineering viability and discusses the future development trends and application prospects.

Key words: EM absorbing composites, performance measurement, electromagnetic parameters, reflectivity, surface wave attenuation, radar cross section

中图分类号:

TB332

齐楠, 杨开, 郭闻, 鹿海军. 电磁吸收复合材料及构件电磁性能测试技术[J]. 复合材料科学与工程, 2026, 0(7): 150-162.

QI Nan, YANG Kai, GUO Wen, LU Haijun. Electromagnetic performance measurement technology of electromagnetic absorbing composites and structures[J]. COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, 2026, 0(7): 150-162.

参考文献

[1] 方涛, 赵琴, 张官亮. 装甲战车隐身技术的研究现状及应用[J]. 兵器装备工程学报, 2023, 44(12): 133-140.
Fang Tao, Zhao Qin, Zhang Guanliang. Research status and application of stealth technology for armored fighting vehicle[J]. Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering, 2023, 44(12): 133-140.
[2] Molebny V, Mcmanamon P, Steinvall O, et al. Laser radar: historical prospective—from the East to the West[J]. Optical Engineering, 2017, 56(3): 031220.
[3] Li Zhen, Wang Ping, Haigh A, et al. Review of microwave techniques used in the manufacture and fault detection of aircraft composites[J]. The Aeronautical Journal, 2021, 125(1283): 151-
179.
[4] Long Teng, Liang Zhennan, Liu Quanhua. Advanced technology of high-resolution radar: target detection, tracking, imaging,and recognition[J]. Science China Information Sciences, 2019, 62(4): 40301.
[5] 邢丽英, 张佐光. 结构隐身复合材料的发展与展望[J]. 材料工程, 2002, 30(4): 48-51.
Xing Liying, Zhang Zuoguang. The development of structural absorbing composites[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2002, 30(4): 48-51.
[6] Jayalakshmi C G, Inamdar A, Anand A, et al. Polymer matrix composites as broadband radar absorbing structures for stealthaircrafts[J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2019, 136(14): 47241.
[7] 刘晓明, 华宇晨, 傅远翔, 等. 雷达吸波材料研究进展[J]. 中国材料进展, 2023, 42(9): 685-698, 731.
Liu Xiaoming, Hua Yuchen, Fu Yuanxiang, et al. Research progress of radar absorbing materials[J]. Materials China, 2023, 42(9): 685-698, 731.
[8] 赵云峰. 先进复合材料在结构隐身材料中的应用[J]. 宇航材料工艺, 1989, 19(增刊1): 108-114.
Zhao Yunfeng. Application of advanced composite materials in structural stealth materials[J]. Aerospace Materials & Technology, 1989, 19(S1): 108-114.
[9] Hao Bo, Zhang Yi, Si Haoxu, et al. Multiscale design of dielectric composites for enhanced microwave absorption performance at elevated temperatures[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2025, 35(23): 2423897.
[10] 贠凯迪, 张昭环. 吸波材料吸波性能的评价测试方法研究进展[J]. 合成纤维, 2018, 47(11): 41-44, 51.
Yun Kaidi, Zhang Zhaohuan. Research progress of evaluation and test methods for absorbing properties of absorbing materials[J]. Synthetic Fiber in China, 2018, 47(11): 41-44, 51.
[11] Gaylor K L. Radar absorbing materials: mechanisms and materials: AD-A215 068[R]. Australia: DSTO Materials Research Laboratory, 1989.
[12] Kim S S. Fundamentals and principles of electromagnetic wave absorbers: from theory, design, and materials to measurement[M]. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2025.
[13] 周春华, 袁书强, 高娃, 等. 隐身材料技术研究进展及发展趋势[C]//2006年全国功能材料学术年会, 2006: 5-9.
Zhou Chunhua, Yuan Shuqiang, Gao Wa, et al. Research progress and development trend of stealth materials technology[C]//Proceedings of 2006 National Annual Conference on Functional Materials, 2006: 5-9.
[14] 卢春莲, 周彦平. 基于材料电磁特性测量的雷达吸波材料性能分析方法研究[C]//第六届中国功能材料及其应用学术会议, 2007: 37-39.
Lu Chunlian, Zhou Yanping. Method of performance testing of radar absorbing materials based on electromagnetic characteristic measurement[C]//Proceedings of the 6th China Conference on Functional Materials and Applications, 2007: 37-39.
[15] Costa L C, Teixeira S S, Henry F. Measuring microwave dielectric properties of materials: theory and applications[J]. Materials Research Bulletin, 2024, 179: 112976.
[16] Sheng Nan, Xiong Weihua, Hao Shaojie, et al. Microwave material electromagnetic parameter testing system based on the resonant cavity method[C]//2020 International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology (ICMMT), 2020: 1-3.
[17] Krupka J. Microwave measurements of electromagnetic properties of materials[J]. Materials, 2021, 14(17): 5097.
[18] You K Y, Esa F B, Abbas Z. Macroscopic characterization of materials using microwave measurement methods—a survey[C]//2017 Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium-Fall (PIERS-FALL), 2017: 194-204.
[19] Chen Haidong, Zhou Haitian, Dai Xi, et al. Improved permittivity measurement for the material with arbitrary thickness based on NRW and adaptivity of propagation constant[J]. IET Science, Measurement & Technology, 2025, 19: e70015.
[20] Costa F, Borgese M, Degiorgi M, et al. Electromagnetic characterisation of materials by using transmission/reflection (T/R) devices[J]. Electronics, 2017, 6(4): 95.
[21] Qin Wei, An Shuyue, Chen Shuai, et al. A method of measuring complex permittivity of nonmagnetic materials and selecting its initial value based on iterative inversion[J]. Acta Physica Sinica, 2023, 72(7): 070601.
[22] Zhu Xiangbao, Zhang Yunpeng, Zhang Jing, et al. Measurement for angular-domain equivalent electromagnetic parameters of electromagnetic structure materials[J]. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2025, 24(7): 1939-1943.
[23] Xie Chunmao, Zhang Yunpeng, Niu Xue, et al. High-temperature measurement technology for microwave surface resistance of metal materials[J]. International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, 2023, 2023: 9930037.
[24] 蔡林宏. 温度场和压力场作用下吸波材料介电性能测试技术[D]. 成都: 电子科技大学, 2022.
Cai Linhong. Test technique of dielectric parameters of absorbing materials under temperature and pressures fields[D]. Chengdu: University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2022.
[25] Lee Yungchun, Zhang Binpeng, Lv Yan, et al. Characterization of electromagnetic properties by simulations using the double-ridged cavity[C]//2019 14th IEEE International Conference on Electronic Measurement & Instruments (ICEMI), 2019: 274-278.
[26] Liu Wenjian, Xiong Jiajun, Chen Lijuan. Inversion of P-band electromagnetic parameters based on a genetic algorithm and method of moments[J]. IEEE Access, 2022, 10: 52094-52101.
[27] Aldhaheri S, Leye P O, Kulikova D, et al. Stable and broadband technique for accurate characterization of dielectric material[C]//2024 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagationand INC/USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (AP-S/INC-USNC-URSI), 2024: 1687-1688.
[28] Wu Hongjing, Luo Jun, Yang Meiyin. Electromagnetic wave absorbing materials: fundamentals and applications[M]. Hoboken: Wiley, 2024.
[29] 郭高凤, 周杨, 李恩, 等. 吸波材料反射率变温测试系统研制[J]. 仪器仪表学报, 2011, 32(5): 1009-1014.
Guo Gaofeng, Zhou Yang, Li En, et al. Design and development of reflectivity test system of absorbing material at variable temperature[J]. Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument, 2011, 32(5): 1009-1014.
[30] 彭俊, 彭铮, 张岩, 等. 雷达吸波材料反射率的测试与仿真研究[J]. 吉林化工学院学报, 2025, 42(3): 7-11.
Peng Jun, Peng Zheng, Zhang Yan, et al. Research on the detection and simulation of radar absorbing material performance[J]. Journal of Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, 2025, 42(3): 7-11.
[31] Guan Shaopeng, Wang Yongyu, Jia Daiping. A field performance evaluation scheme for microwave-absorbing material coatings[J]. Coatings, 2017, 7(3): 38.
[32] 王超杰, 刘永峙, 宋宇华, 等. 雷达吸波材料反射率测试技术概述[J]. 新材料产业, 2019(7): 57-60.
Wang Chaojie, Liu Yongzhi, Song Yuhua, et al. Overview of reflectivity testing technology for radar absorbing materials[J]. Advanced Materials Industry, 2019(7): 57-60.
[33] Hu Chufeng, Li Nanjing, Chen Weijun, et al. High-precision RCS measurement of aircraft’s weak scattering source[J]. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, 2016, 29(3): 772-778.
[34] Fischer B E, Lahaie I J. Recent microwave absorber wall-reflectivity measurement methods[J]. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 2008, 50(2): 140-147.
[35] Anyutin N V, Titarenko A V, Elizarov S V. Justification of the conditions of reproducible measured characteristics of radio absorbing materials in free space[C]//2017 Radiation and Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves (RSEMW), 2017: 165-167.
[36] Zhou Haitian, Chen Haidong, Yang Jieyao, et al. Implementation and verification of a parallel-plate-waveguide-based transmissivity/reflectivity measurement system at 1-2 GHz[J]. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 2025, 67(5): e70225.
[37] Chen Haidong, He Zhaoling, Yang Jieyao, et al. Advanced multiprobe dual-polarized arch system for microwave reflectance measurement[J]. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2024, 73: 8000611.
[38] 江禹, 姚金杰, 杨志良. 高温材料反射率测试支撑平台RCS减缩仿真[J]. 电子测量技术, 2021, 44(14): 38-42.
Jiang Yu, Yao Jinjie, Yang Zhiliang. RCS reduction simulation of the support platform for material reflectivity testing at high temperature[J]. Electronic Measurement Technology, 2021, 44(14): 38-42.
[39] Zhang Yunpeng, Li En, Gao Chong, et al. Portability improvement for free-space reflectivity measurement[J]. Measurement, 2020, 157: 107686.
[40] Zhang Yunpeng, Xie Chunmao, Zhang Jing, et al. In situ measurement of absorbing properties of materials based on near-field reflection method[J]. IEEE Sensors Journal, 2023, 23(7): 6822-6831.
[41] Li Yinrui, Li Dongmeng, Wang Xian, et al. Influence of the electromagnetic parameters on the surface wave attenuation in thin absorbing layers[J]. AIP Advances, 2018, 8(5): 056616.
[42] Li Yinrui, Li Dongmeng, Luo Hui, et al. Co-evaluation of reflection loss and surface wave attenuation for magnetic absorbing material[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2018, 66(11): 6057-6060.
[43] 徐长龙, 颜锦奎, 徐得名. 表面波吸收材料评估[J]. 电子学报, 1997, 25(6): 77-80.
Xu Changlong, Yan Jinkui, Xu Deming. Evaluating of the surface wave absorbing material[J]. Acta Electronica Sinica, 1997, 25(6): 77-80.
[44] 李业华, 刘政, 聂秉毅. 一种表面波衰减率测量方法研究[J]. 电子测量技术, 2024, 47(12): 52-58.
Li Yehua, Liu Zheng, Nie Bingyi. Research on a surface wave attenuation rate measurement method[J]. Electronic Measurement Technology, 2024, 47(12): 52-58.
[45] 黄震宇. 材料行波抑制测试技术与系统研究[D]. 成都: 电子科技大学, 2015.
Huang Zhenyu. Research on surface traveling wave suppression test of materials[D]. Chengdu: University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2015.
[46] 王超, 李恩, 郑虎. 雷达吸波材料表面波抑制性能测试技术[J]. 宇航材料工艺, 2016, 46(3): 75-78.
Wang Chao, Li En, Zheng Hu. Technology of surface wave suppression performance testing for absorbing material[J]. Aerospace Materials & Technology, 2016, 46(3): 75-78.
[47] 刘昱琳, 张云鹏, 赵鑫, 等. 吸波材料表面波衰减率原位测量技术[C]//2023年全国微波毫米波会议, 2023: 304-306.
Liu Yulin, Zhang Yunpeng, Zhao Xin, et al. In situ measurement technology of surface wave attenuation rate of absorbing materials[C]//Proceedings of 2023 National Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave, 2023: 304-306.
[48] Knott E F, Shaeffer J F, Tuley M T. Radar cross section[M]. London: Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2004.
[49] 刘君, 马瑶, 渠立永, 等. 微波暗室低散射目标RCS测量方法[J]. 解放军理工大学学报(自然科学版), 2013, 14(1): 19-24.
Liu Jun, Ma Yao, Qu Liyong, et al. Research on radar cross section measurement method of low-scattering objects in microwave anechoic chamber[J]. Journal of PLA University of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition), 2013, 14(1): 19-24.
[50] 贾高伟, 阴鹏, 邵帅, 等. 隐身飞机RCS测量与成像方法研究综述[J]. 国防科技大学学报, 2022, 44(3): 93-103.
Jia Gaowei, Yin Peng, Shao Shuai, et al. Review of RCS measurement and imaging methods of stealth aircraft[J]. Journal of National University of Defense Technology, 2022, 44(3): 93-103.
[51] 张应猛, 余世星, 张竣纲, 等. RCS测试技术研究综述[J]. 电子技术应用, 2026, 52(2): 1-6.
Zhang Yingmeng, Yu Shixing, Zhang Jungang, et al. Overview of RCS measurement technology[J]. Application of Electronic Technique, 2026, 52(2): 1-6.
[52] 秦林, 高冲, 袁正阳, 等. 一种复杂环境下的近场RCS测试系统研究[C]//2023年全国天线年会, 2023: 284-286.
Qin Lin, Gao Chong, Yuan Zhengyang, et al. Research on a Near-Field RCS testing system under complicated circumstances[C]//Proceedings of 2023National Antenna Conference, 2023: 284-
286.
[53] Sundermeier M F, Fischer D. Compact radar cross-section measurement setup and performance evaluation[J]. Advances in Radio Science, 2021, 19: 147-152.
[54] Panwar R, Lee J R. Performance and non-destructive evaluation methods of airborne radome and stealth structures[J]. Measurement Science and Technology, 2018, 29(6): 062001.
[55] 陈秦, 魏薇, 肖冰, 等. 国外武器装备RCS测试外场研究现状[J]. 表面技术, 2012, 41(5): 129-132.
Chen Qin, Wei Wei, Xiao Bing, et al. Research status of outdoor RCS measurement range for weapon and equipment abroad[J]. Surface Technology, 2012, 41(5): 129-132.
[56] Dang Jiaojiao, Luo Yuan, Hu Chufeng, et al. A local RCS diagnosis method based on near field measurement[J]. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2023, 72: 8007309.
[57] Sensani S, Sarri A, Fiori L, et al. Radar image based near-field to far-field conversion algorithm in RCS measurements[C]//2019 IEEE International Symposium on Measurements & Networking (M&N), 2019: 1-6.
[58] Phumvijit R, Supanakoon P, Promwong S. Measurement scheme of radar cross section with time gating[C]//2017 14th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology (ECTI-CON), 2017: 822-825.
[59] Abu Sanad A A, Mahmud M N, Ain M F, et al. Theory, modeling, measurement, and testing of electromagnetic absorbers: A review[J]. Physica Status Solidi (A), 2024, 221(4): 2300828.
[60] 郑佳浩, 刘金适, 朱香宝, 等. 基于紧缩场的RCS测试系统研究[C]//2024年全国微波毫米波会议, 2024: 787-789.
Zheng Jiahao, Liu Jinshi, Zhu Xiangbao, et al. Research on RCS test system based on CATR[C]//Proceedings of 2024 National Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave, 2024: 787-789.
[61] 秦林. 构件雷达隐身性能高温关键测试技术研究[D]. 成都: 电子科技大学, 2025.
Qin Lin. Research on key testing technologies for high-temperature radar stealth performance of components[D]. Chengdu: University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2025.
[62] 李业华, 何山, 王智勇, 等. 一种高温雷达散射截面的测试方法研究[J]. 微波学报, 2021, 37(2): 95-100.
Li Yehua, He Shan, Wang Zhiyong, et al. Research on measuring method of high temperature radar cross section[J]. Journal of Microwaves, 2021, 37(2): 95-100.
[63] Zhang Huiwen, Guo Yue, Yang Minglin, et al. On the near-field far-field transformation for near-field RCS measurement[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2025, 73(8): 6175-6180.
[64] Chou H T, Chang Teng. Indoor experimental setup for radar antenna characterization by placing a reference target at the focus of compact range reflector[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2023, 71(10): 7860-7869.
[65] Lee C, Yu Y, Noh Y H, et al. Ultra-low-cost radar cross section measurement and validation method using a 3D-printed scale model in a non-anechoic chamber environment[J]. IEEE Access, 2025, 13: 41324-41335.