聚酰亚胺纤维三维机织复合材料高速冲击损伤特性研究

doi:10.19936/j.cnki.2096-8000.20260828.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为探究聚酰亚胺(Polyimide, PI)纤维三维机织复合材料在高速冲击下的损伤特性与抗冲击性能,本研究以三向正交机织聚酰亚胺纤维增强双马来酰亚胺(Bismoleimide,BMI)树脂基复合材料为对象,开展了14组直线弹道冲击试验,弹体入射速度范围为130~300 m/s,并结合高速摄像与数字图像相关(Digital Image Correlation,DIC)技术对靶板变形进行分析,同时与碳纤维三维机织复合材料进行对比。试验结果显示,该聚酰亚胺纤维复合材料靶板弹道极限为293 m/s,最大吸能量达到836 J,表现出优异抗穿透能力。其主要破坏机制包括纤维束拉伸断裂、基体脆性开裂及局部鼓包等。DIC数据表明,临界击穿、反弹、击穿状态下靶板背部最大变形分别为16.2 mm、8.3 mm、4.95 mm。与碳纤维三维机织复合材料对比发现:聚酰亚胺纤维复合材料吸能提高了70.6%,其以延展破坏为主,通过大范围塑性变形吸收能量;而碳纤维以脆性断裂为主,易发生突发性脆断。聚酰亚胺纤维三维机织复合材料具备优异的抗高速冲击性能与能量吸收能力,有潜力应用于航空发动机包容机匣等抗冲击结构。

关键词: 聚酰亚胺纤维, 复合材料, 平板冲击, 损伤特性, 变形

Abstract: To investigate the damage characteristics and impact resistance of polyimide (PI) fiber three-dimensional woven composites under high-speed impact, this study conducted 14 sets of ballistic impact tests, with projectile velocities ranging from 130 m/s to 300 m/s. High-speed photography and digital image correlation (DIC) technology were used for analyzing the displacement of target plates, and comparisons were made with carbon fiber three-dimensional woven composites.The test results showed that the ballistic limit of the polyimide fiber composite target plate was 293 m/s, with a maximum energy absorption of 836 J, demonstrating excellent anti-penetration ability. The main damage mechanisms included tensile fracture of fiber bundles, brittle cracking of the matrix, and local bulging. DIC data indicated that the maximum back deformation of the target plate under critical penetration, rebound, and penetration conditions was 16.2 mm, 8.3 mm, and 4.95 mm, respectively. Comparisons with carbon fiber three-dimensional woven composites revealed that the energy absorption of polyimide fiber composites was 70.6% higher than that of carbon fiber composites. Polyimide fiber composites primarily undergo ductile failure, absorbing energy through large-scale plastic deformation, while carbon fiber composites are dominated by brittle fracture and prone to sudden brittle failure. The study indicated that polyimide fiber three-dimensional woven composites possess excellent high-speed impact resistance and energy absorption capacity, and have the potential to be applied in impact-resistant structures such as aero-engine containment casing.

Key words: polyimide fiber, composite materials, plate impact, damage characteristics, deformation

中图分类号:

TB332

何泽侃, 燕吉强, 张代军, 宣海军, 田宇辰, 贾文斌. 聚酰亚胺纤维三维机织复合材料高速冲击损伤特性研究[J]. 复合材料科学与工程, 2026, 0(8): 28-34.

HE Zekan, YAN Jiqiang, ZHANG Daijun, XUAN Haijun, TIAN Yuchen, JIA Wenbin. High-speed impact damage characteristics of polyimide fiber three-dimensional woven composite[J]. COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, 2026, 0(8): 28-34.

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